Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IX.djvu/677

JOHNSON 657 were 2,247 horses, 926 mules and asses, 1,846 milch cows, 2,202 other cattle, 9,563 sheep, and 13,988 swine. Capital, Vienna, VIII. A S. E. county of Iowa, drained by Iowa river, which is navigable by small steamboats in the S. part ; area, 324 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 24,898. The surface is moderately uneven and the soil re- markably fertile. The Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific railroad passes through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 503,141 bushels of wheat, 2,147,570 of Indian corn, 491,137 of oats, 104,889 of potatoes, 674,500 Ibs. of flax, 69,796 of wool, 594,573 of butter, 32,962 of cheese, and 40,659 tons of hay. There were 9,989 horses, 9,628 milch cows, 15,902 other cattle, 16,975 sheep, and 40,456 swine; 7 manu- factories of carriages, 1 of linseed oil, 1 of wrap- ping paper, 5 of saddlery and harness, 5 of tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware, 2 of woollen goods, 3 breweries, 6 flour mills, 1 planing mill, and 4 saw mills. Capital, Iowa City. IX. A W. coun- ty of Missouri, drained by branches of Black river; area, 785 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 24,648, of whom 1,458 were colored. The surface is most- ly prairie, diversified with large tracts of tim- ber. The soil is generally good and suitable for pasturage, and there are rich beds of coal. The Pacific railroad of Missouri passes through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 462,990 bushels of wheat, 1,946,741 of Indian corn, 356,351 of oats, 106,731 of potatoes, 18,700 Ibs. of tobacco, 43,256 of wool, 367,464 of butter, and 12,049 tons of hay. There were 9,732 horses, 2,137 mules and asses, 7,161 milch cows, 14,516 other cattle, 16,865 sheep, and 36,152 swine ; 2 manufactories of agricultural imple- ments, 5 of carriages, 1 of iron castings, 6 of saddlery and harness, 5 of tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware, 5 flour mills, and 3 saw mills. Capital, Warrensburg. X. An E. county of Kansas, bordering on Missouri, and bounded N. W. by Kansas river ; area, 472 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 13,684. It is watered by several streams, and has a fertile soil. The Kansas City and Santa F6 division of the Leavenworth, Lawrence, and Galveston railroad, and the Missouri River, Fort Scott, and Gulf line pass through the county. The chief productions in 1870 were 71,835 bushels of wheat, 1,074,186 of Indian corn, 335,056 of oats, 112,046 of po- tatoes, 219,358 Ibs. of butter, 24,850 of cheese, and 16,399 tons of hay. There were 4,798 horses, 4,518 milch cows, 6,701 other cattle, 3,691 sheetf and 10,342 swine. Capital, Olathe. XI. A S. E. county of Nebraska, intersected by the Big Nemaha river, and drained by the S. fork of the Little Nemaha ; area, about 375 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 3,429. It contains extensive fertile prairies, with good timber along the streams. Coal and limestone are abundant. The chief productions in 1870 were 81,454 bushels of wheat, 113,495 of Indian corn, 32,- 914 of oats, 21,341 of potatoes, 58,107 Ibs. of butter, and 4,545 tons of hay. There were 671 horses, 533 milch cows, 999 other cattle, and 1,442 swine. Capital, Tecumseh. JOHNSON, Alexander Bryan, an American au- thor, born at Gosport, England, May 29, 1786, died in Utica, N. Y., Sept. 9, 1867. He came to the United States in 1801, and settled at Utica, where he was a banker for many years. He was admitted to the bar, but never practised. From his youth he had given all his leisure to the study of problems in intellectual philoso- phy, and especially of the relations between knowledge and language. He attempted to show the ultimate meaning of words, apart from their meaning as related to each other in ordinary definition, and thus to ascertain the nature of human knowledge as it exists independent of the words in which it is ex- pressed. His publications include "Philoso- phy of Human Knowledge, or a Treatise on Language" (New York, 1828); "Treatise on Language, or the Relation which Words bear to Things" (1836); " Religion in its Relation to the Present Life " (1840), in which he aims to establish the congruity of Christian pre- cepts with man's physical, intellectual, and emotional nature ; " The Meaning of Words Analyzed into Words and Unverbal Things, and Unverbal Things Classified into Intellec- tions, Sensations, and Emotions" (1854), in which he confesses that he had been 50 years in arriving at a clear comprehension of the object of his search; "Physiology of the Senses, or How and What we See, Hear, Taste, Feel, and Smell" (1856); " Encyclopedia of Instruction, or Apologues and Breviates on Men and Manners" (1857); and several works on financial and political topics. JOHNSON, Andrew, seventeenth president of the United States, born in Raleigh, N. C., Dec. 29, 1808. His father, Jacob Johnson, who died in 1812, was city constable, sexton, and porter of the state bank. Extreme poverty prevented Andrew from receiving any school- ing, and at the age of 10 he was apprenticed to Mr. Selby, a tailor. A gentleman was in the habit of visiting the shop and read- ing to the workmen, generally from " The American Speaker;" and Andrew became in- tensely interested, especially in the extracts from the speeches of Pitt and Fox. He de- termined to learn to read, and having done this, he devoted all his leisure hours to the perusal of such books as he could obtain. In the summer of 1824, a few months before his apprenticeship expired, he got into trouble by throwing stones at an old woman's house, and ran away to avoid the consequences. He went to Laurens Court House, S. 0., and obtained work as a journeyman tailor. In May, 1826, he returned to Raleigh. Mr. Selby had moved into the country, and Johnson walked 20 miles to see him, apologized for his misdemeanor, and promised to pay him for the unfulfilled portion of his apprenticeship. Selby required security, which Johnson could not furnish ; and in September he went to Tennessee, taking with him his mother, who was depen- dent upon him for support. He worked for