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668 JOHNSON edition of Johnson's works is that of Oxford (11 vols. 8vo, 1825). That by Hawkins (15 vols. 8vo, London, 1787-'9) contains several pieces not written by Johnson. That by Mur- phy not containing the parliamentary debates (12 vols. 8vo, London, 1792), has been fre- quently reprinted, and in a compact form by Bohn (2 vols. 8vo, London, 1850). Lives of Johnson are numerous. Boswell's (2 vols. 4to, London, 1791) has been many times edited. Croker's edition (5 vols. 8vo, London, 1831) is one of the best; and an exact reprint of the first edition, with notes by Percy Fitzgerald, appeared in 1874 (3 vols., London). JOHNSON, Walter Rogers, an American physi- cist, born in Leominster, Mass., June 21, 1794, died in "Washington, April 26, 1852. He grad- uated at Harvard college in 1819, and in 1821 became principal of the academy at German- town, Pa. In 1826 the Franklin institute es- tablished a high school in Philadelphia, to give the industrial classes cheap instruction in sci- ences and arts, according to a plan of Mr. Johnson, and gave him the chair of mechanics and natural philosophy. He added to his in- structions a public course of lectures on me- chanics and philosophy, under the direction of the institute, which were largely attended by both sexes. In 1836 he commenced a series of geological investigations, with special reference to the coal formations and iron ores of Penn- sylvania. In 1837 he was appointed to take charge of the department of magnetism, elec- tricity, and astronomy in the United States exploring expedition, but he resigned owing to changes of the original plan. In 1839 he was appointed to the chair of chemistry and physics in the medical department of the university of Pennsylvania. In 1843 he entered upon a course of investigations, under the authority of congress, into the character of the different va- rieties of coal, and their absolute and relative values for generating steam and heat and pro- ducing illuminating gas, of which a report was published in 1844. He subsequently made sci- entific researches on other subjects connected with the navy department ; and in 1845, under appointment of the city authorities of Boston, he ezamined the sources from which a supply of pure w'ater might be brought to that city.' He participated in the organization of the American association of geologists, and, at its subsequent reorganization as the American as- sociation for the advancement of science, was its first secretary. JOHNSON. I. Sir William, baronet, a British general and colonial officer, born at Warren- town, county Down, Ireland, in 1715, died near Johnstown, N. Y., July 11, 1774. He was a younger son of Christopher "Johnson, an Irish gentleman of good family. Educated to a mercantile life, his career was Entirely changed by the refusal of his parents to permit him to marry a lady with whom he had fallen in love. His uncle, Admiral Sir Peter Warren, had married a daughter of Stephen De Lancey of New York, and received with her a large landed estate in that colony, which he increased by purchase, chiefly in the valley of the Mo- hawk, then a wilderness. Sir Peter offered his nephew the management of his entire prop- erty in New York, if he would undertake its improvement and settlement. Johnson ac- cepted the offer, and in 1738 established him- self upon a tract of land on the Mohawk, about 24 miles from Schenectady, which Sir Peter had called Warrensburgh. In addition to the settling and improving of the country, he em- barked in trade with the Indians, whom he always treated with perfect honesty and jus- tice. He would never deal with them when they were under the influence of liquor, nor yield to them anything when he had once re- fused. This course, added to his easy but dig- nified and affable manner, and the intimacy which he cultivated with them, by accommo- dating himself to their manners, and sometimes even to their dress, soon won -for him their entire confidence, so that he acquired an influ- ence over them greater than was ever possessed by any other white man. He became a master of their language, speaking many of their dia- lects perfectly, and was thoroughly acquainted with their peculiar habits, beliefs, and customs. He was adopted by the Mohawks as one of their own tribe, chosen sachem, and named Wariaghejaghe, or Warraghiaghy, "he who has charge of affairs." Complaints against the Indian commissioners and local quarrels led to their resignation, upon which Gov. Clin- ton appointed Johnson, already justice of the peace, colonel of the Six Nations. In 1746 he became commissary of New York for Indian affairs, and as such was very active in sending out war parties against the French. In Feb- ruary, 1748, he was placed in command of all the New York colonial troops for the defence of the frontier, and showed ability in organ- izing and preparing for a campaign. No im- portant operations took place, as peace was soon after made at Aix-la-Ohapelle. In April, 1750, he was appointed a member of the pro- vincial council. The revival of the Albany board of commissioners in 1753 led to a quar- rel between the colonists and the Indians, and the council and assembly urged Col. Johnson to effect a reconciliation. The governor hav- ing granted him a new commission, July 5, 1753, he proceeded to Onondaga, held a coun- cil, and succeeded in settling the difficulty, but declined having anything further to do with In- dian affairs. He lived at Fort Johnson, a large stone dwelling which he had erected upon the N. side of the Mohawk, directly opposite War- rensburgh, and which he had fortified in 1743 shortly before the commencement of the war with the French. It is now (1874) stand- ing in good preservation, about three miles west of the present village of Amsterdam. In 1754 he attended as one of the delegates from New York the celebrated congress of Albany, and also the great council held with the In-