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IIUNGAKY 61 nau were in the meanwhile pouring into the country from various quarters. Wysocki, the successor of Dembinski in command, retreated before Paskevitch ; Temesvar was unsuccess- fully besieged by Ve'csey ; Bern was paralyzed by a new and more terrible rising of the Wal- lachs, while his province, too, was invaded by the Russians. After various unsuccessful strug- gles on the line of the Waag, the loss of Raab, and a great battle at Szony (July 2), Gorgey, leaving Klapka in Comorn, finally retreated to- ward the middle Theiss; but after a bloody fight against Paskevitch at Waitzen (July 15), he turned northward, again and again repulsing the Russians, and crossed the Theiss at Tokay. The Russians crossed it at Fiired, while the central Hungarian forces under the chief com- mand of Dembinski retreated toward Szegedin. The government, leaving the former place, where the last session of the diet had been held, retired to Arad, which, having recently surrendered, was made the last point of general concentration, after the rout of Bern at Schas- burg by the Russians under Luders, of one of Gorgey's divisions under Nagy-Sandor before Debreczin by the army of Paskevitch, and of Dembinski at Szoreg by Haynau. Dembinski, however, retreated toward Temesvar, where his army suffered a terrible defeat (Ang. 9). Gorgey, who now arrived at Arad, summoned Kossuth to resign, and received from him the supreme civil and military command, Klapka's sally from Comorn and signal victory over the besieging Austrian army (Ang. 3) being un- known at Arad. Two days later Gorgey sur- rendered his army at discretion to the generals of the czar at Vilagos (Aug. 13). Damjanics followed his example, and surrendered Arad. Kossuth, the late ministers Szemere and Casi- mir Batthyanyi, the generals Bern, Dembinski, M6szaros, Vetter, Perczel, Guyon, Kmety, Wysocki, and others, fled into Turkey. Mun- k&cs, Peter wardein, and Comorn capitulated. But scarcely had the tricolor disappeared from the ramparts of the last named fortress, Oct. 4, when the work of revenge commenced on the side of the victors. Count Louis Batthy- anyi, who had been made captive on a mission of peaceful mediation, was executed at Pesth, Oct. 6, and the commanders Kis, Aulich, Damjanics, Nagy-Sandor, Torok, Lahner, Ve'- csey, Kn6zich, Poltenberg, Leiningen, Schwei- del, Dessewffy, and Lazar, all of whom had sur- rendered at discretion, were executed on the same day at Arad. Other executions followed. The dungeons of the empire were filled with prisoners for life or long terms. Gorgey was confined at Klagenfurth. The remnants of the Hungarian troops were impressed into the Aus- trian army, and the estates of the rich patriots confiscated. The country remained under mar- tial law, receiving new divisions, authorities, and tax regulations, and foreign officials. The German was made the language of the reor- ganized higher courts, offices, and schools. New contributions, military levies, and so-called voluntary loans, followed each other. A con- spiracy and an attempt on the emperor's life led to the resumption of wholesale executions in 1853. The Protestants and Jews were sub- jected to particular restrictions. This state of affairs ended with Austria's defeat in Italy (1859). The dismissal of the centralizing min- ister Bach, the appointment of Goluchowski, and the diploma of Oct. 20, 1860, were fol- lowed by the convocation of a Hungarian diet. This was opened in April, when Schmerling had taken the place of Goluchowski, and the patent of Feb. 26, 1861, that of the October diploma. (See AUSTKIA, vol. ii., pp. 149, 150.) As no representatives from Transylvania had been summoned, the diet considered itself in- complete, and this was to be expressed, to- gether with other grievances, either by an ad- dress to Francis Joseph, as Deak proposed it, or merely by a resolution ignoring the royal rights of that emperor. When the debate was to open, May 8, the leading defender of the latter policy, Count Teleky, was found to have put an end to his career by a pistol shot. (See TELEKY.) Deak's address was carried, but as he emphatically demanded the restoration of the laws of 1848, the diet was dissolved in Au- gust. The country maintained its opposition to the Vienna schemes, and only the Saxons and Roumans of Transylvania were persuaded in 1863 to send representatives to the imperial Reichsrath. The joint intervention with Prus- sia in the Schleswig-Holstein affairs proving detrimental to Austria, chiefly from want of ready support on the part of the Hungarian and Slavic nationalities, Francis Joseph re- paired to Pesth in June, 1865, dismissed Schmer- ling, replacing him by a federalist minister, Belcredi, suspended the imperial constitution, and convoked a new Hungarian diet. Deak ruled this as he did the preceding, and re- mained firm in his demands. Francis Joseph, on the eve of the great struggle with Prussia, prorogued the diet, but after the disastrous battle of Sadowa (July 3, 1866) was ready to submit to the demands of the Hungarians. His new leading minister Beust undertook the task of carrying through a compromise, and the result was the dualistic system of the Austro- Hungarian monarchy, as finally sanctioned in December, 1867. (See AUSTRIA, vol. ii., p. 141.) A national Hungarian ministry was appointed in February, 1867, of which Count Andrassy was the head. A general amnesty was proclaimed, and the emperor was crowned as king of Hun- gary (June 8) at Buda, with extraordinary pomp. The diet, having carried through va- rious reforms, including the emancipation of the Jews, and settled the relations of Croatia to the Hungarian crown on a basis analogous to the relation of Hungary to the monarchy, closed its sittings in December, 1868. Two principal parliamentary parties had been formed, the conservative or Deak party, which had a de- cided majority, and the opposition party of the left, under Ghyczy and Tisza, aiming at a mere