Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IX.djvu/733

JUNE JUNG 713 the Jumna is sometimes 2 or 3 m. wide. Its banks are rocky and precipitous, and its cur- rent is rapid. Navigation is attended with much difficulty, but many of the most serious obstructions have been removed, and vessels can now ascend to Calpee. Its principal afflu- ents are the Chumbnl, Sinde, Betwa, Cane, and Ilindaun. Delhi, Agra, Muttra, Etawah, Calpee, and Allahabad are the most important places on its banks. There are two extensive sys- tems of irrigation connected with the Jumna. The western Jumna canal comprises the an- cient canal of Feroze Shah and the Delhi canal, on the right bank of the river, which were restored between 1823 and 1843 by the British authorities, who built many additional branches. This system waters the country along the west- ern bank of the Jumna, from a point called Hathni Kund, just north of the 30th parallel, down to Delhi. The aggregate length of its main lines is 445 m., and in 1866-7 the area irrigated comprised 447,171 acres, in 797 vil- lages. The net receipts from water rates in 1871-'2 were 74,518, being 26 per cent, on the outlay for construction. The eastern Jumna canal irrigates a district about 120 m. long and 15 m. broad on the left of the river, and extends from a point in the main stream near the head of the western system, south- ward to Delhi, flowing for 40 m. between em- bankments, at a height of from 6 to 12 ft. above the general level of the land. It was projected by Shah Jehan, between 1628 and 1659, but had long been disused when it was restored by English engineers in 1830. The main channel is itself 130 m. long, and feeds 619 m. of distributary streams. The area of irrigation in 1871-'2 was 192,749 acres, and the net revenue 32,881, being 16'6 per cent, on the outlay. JIXE. the sixth month of the year, consisting of 30 days. The name is variously derived from juniores (the young men), to whom Ro- mulus is said to have assigned it, as he assigned May to the elders ; from Juno, whence it was sometimes called Junonialis ; from Junius Bru- tus, the first consul ; and from jungo (to join), with reference to the union of the Romans and Sabines, or because it was considered the most suitable time for marriage. It was the fourth month of the old Latin calendar, and originally had but 26 days. Romulus is said to have given it 30 days. Numa made it the fifth month and deprived it of one day, which was restored by Julius Cassar. In the Athe- nian calendar, the latter half of Thargelion and the first half of Scirophorion correspond to June. The Anglo-Saxons called it litha cerra (earlier mild month), also tear monath (dry month) and midsumer monath (midsummer month). It was named by Charlemagne Brach- monat (fallow month). In the French revo- lutionary calendar it corresponds to the last part of Prairial and the first of Messidor. .11 M: II . a S. central county of Wisconsin, bounded E. by the Wisconsin river, and drained by Lemonweir, Yellow, and Baraboo rivers; area, about 800 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 12,372. The surface is undulating and the soil fertile. Timber is abundant. The La Crosse division of the Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul rail- road crosses it. The chief productions in 1870 were 192,304 bushels of wheat, 115,393 of Indian corn, 197,005 of oats, 97,755 of pota- toes, 26,904 Ibs. of wool, 527,027 of hops, 221,003 of butter, and 15,499 tons of hay. There were 2,040 horses, 2,846 milch cows, 3,982 other cattle, 8,406 sheep, and 4,959 swine ; 3 manufactories of carriages, 2 of sash, doors, and blinds, 6 of tin, copper, and sheet- iron ware, 4 flour mills, and 11 saw mills. Capital, New Lisbon. JUNE BERRY, one of the common names for amelanchier Canadensis, a rosaceous shrub or small tree, which botanically differs from py- rus, the genus of the apple and pear, only in the number of cells in the fruit. This species is found as far north as Hudson bay, and ex- tends throughout the United States ; running through such a wide geographical range, it pre- sents a great variety of forms ; more than a dozen species were described by the early bot- anists, but Torrey and Gray, in their "Flora of North America," very properly reduced all these to a single polymorphous species, of which there are half a dozen forms sufficiently marked to be regarded as varieties. These dif- fer in stature, in the shape and pubescence of the leaves, size of petals, and size and abundance of the fruit. A mountain variety, pvmila, is only 3 or 4 ft. high, while the variety botrya- pium reaches 30 ft. in height. The leaves in all are simple, heart-shaped, or oval, with white flowers in pendulous racemes, which appear just as the leaves are opening. In some parts of the country the different varieties are known as shad flower or shad bush, as the flowers ap- pear at the time the shad ascends the streams, and also as service berry. The fruit is globular or pear-shaped, the size of a large pea, pur- plish, sweet and edible. From the character of the fruit the bush is known in some locali- ties as the sugar pear, but more generally, from the time of its ripening, as June berry. Some plants produce fruit abundantly, which is most- ly eaten by birds. The dwarf variety has been brought into cultivation in some of the western states as a market fruit, and is there known as "mountain whortleberry;" it has been tried by amateurs at the east, who find that the birds reap the harvest. All forms of the species are worthy of cultivation as ornamental trees or shrubs, on account of their early and abundant flowering; a well formed specimen, completely sheeted with white, is not exceeded in beauty by any exotic. There is a European species, known in Savoy as amelancier, from which the name of the genus is derived. JUNG, or Jnngins, Joachim, a German philoso- pher, born in Lubeck, Oct. 22, 1587, died in Hamburg, Sept. 23, 1657. He was professor of mathematics at Giessen from 1609 to 1614.