Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume IX.djvu/766

746 KANSAS Nampawarrah, or White Plume, and other chiefs, ceded all their lands in Missouri and some west of that state, retaining a reserva- tion 30 m. wide on the Kansas river. Thirty- six sections of good land were to be sold, and the proceeds invested as a school fund. In return government was to give them an annuity of $3,500 for 20 years, and aid them with domestic animals and farming imple- ments to adopt an agricultural life. They were at this time uncontaminated with the vices of the whites, but were indolent and averse to all improvement. The buffalo was their great dependence, although game of all kinds was beginning to diminish rapidly. Their houses were conical, 40 ft. in circumference and 10 ft. high, formed of poles, covered with bark, and then with sods a foot thick. The frame was supported by wooden posts. Their features were nearly European; they shaved the head, except the scalp lock, which passed through a bone ring, and was adorned with a crest of deer's hair. They had discarded buf- falo robes for blankets, and were expert with the rifle. The Methodists began a mission among them in 1835, and labored many years, but failed to produce any impression, or to make their school successful. In 1838 the Kansas had divided into three towns, two on the north bank and one on the south. They could not be induced to cultivate the soil, and being con- stantly at war with the Pawnees, and in their hunts frequently attacked by other tribes, they lost rapidly in numbers. By the treaty of January, 1846, they ceded certain lands for $200,000, 5 per cent, on which amount was to be paid annually, and a reservation of 20 m. square was assigned to them on the head waters of the Neosho, S. of the Shawnees and W. of the Sacs and Foxes. In 1849 they had gath- ered on the Neosho, began to use liquor freely, and to plunder the trains on the Santa Fe road. As Kansas began to be settled their reserva- tions were invaded by whites. In 1856 the half-breeds, who were all Catholics, were forced from their reservation by the squatters, aided by officials. Neither the Kansas nor the half- breeds took any part in the Kansas troubles. Railroad companies, by a treaty of 1854, ob- tained a right of way through the reservation. During the civil war 80 or 90 entered the United States army, and did good service. In 1862 stone houses were erected, a school was begun by the society of Friends, and an at- tempt was made again to induce them to cul- tivate the soil ; but these efforts proved inef- fectual. Peace was indeed made with the Pawnees, but their reservations were now over- run, and out of 80,000 acres they had only 225 in cultivation ; the Indians, with the annual ap- propriation of $10,000, were actually starving. They sought to move to Indian territory. A treaty was made with commissioners at Wash- ington in 1867, and another in March, 1869; but by the act of May 8, 1872, government directed their reservation of 80,000 acres, and their trust lands of 137,000 acres, to be sold, half the proceeds to be invested for their ben- efit, half to be spent in providing and improv- ing new homes for them within the Usage reservation in Indian territory. Besides the money to arise from this source, they have 5 per cent, on $200,000 under the treaty of 1846, and the interest on $27,485 stocks held for them by government. The tribe about 1850 numbered 1,300 ; in 1860, 803 ; in 1872, 593. KANSAS, a western state of the American Union, the 21st admitted, lying between lat. 37 and 40 N., and Ion. 94 40' and 102 W., bound- ed N. by Nebraska, E. by Missouri, S. by Indian territory, and W. by Colorado. A portion of the boundary on the northeast, adjoining Mis- souri, is formed by the Missouri river. The state has the general form of a rectangle, extend- ing 410 m. E. and W. and about 210 m. N. and S., and containing 81,318 sq. m. It is divided into 104 counties, of which 31 in 1874 were unorganized, as follows : Allen, Anderson, Ara- pahoe, Atchison, Barbour, Barton, Bourbon, Brown, Buffalo, Butler, Chase, Cherokee, Chey- enne, Clark, Clay, Cloud, Coffey, Comanche, Cowley, Crawford, Davis, Decatur, Dickinson, Doniphan, Douglas, Edwards, Ellis, Ellsworth, Foote, Ford, Franklin, Gore, Graham, Grant, Greeley, Greenwood, Hamilton, Harper, Har- vey, Hodgeman, Howard, Jackson, Jefferson, Jewell, Johnson, Kansas, Kearney, Kingman, Kiowa, Labette, Lane, Leavenworth, Lincoln, Linn, Lyon, Marion, Marshall, McPherson, Meade, Miami, Mitchell, Montgomery, Morris, Nemaha, Neosho, Ness, Norton, Osage, Os- borne, Ottawa, Pawnee, Phillips, Pottawatta- mie, Pratt, Rawlins, Reno, Republic, Rice, Riley, Rooks, Rush, Russell, Saline, Scott, Sedg- wick, Sequoyah, Seward, Shawnee, Sheridan, Sherman, Smith, Stafford, Stanton, Stevens, Sumner, Thomas, Trego, Wabaunsee, Wallace, Washington, Wichita, Wilson, Woodson, Wyan- dotte. The cities of Kansas, as reported by the federal census of 1870, were: Atchison, which had 7,054 inhabitants ; Baxter Springs, 1,284; Emporia,2,168; Fort Scott, 4, 174; Law- rence, 8,320; Leavenworth, 17,873; Ottawa, 2,941 ; Paola, 1,811 ; Topeka, the capital, 5,790; and Wyandotte, 2,940. Kansas had 8.501 in- habitants in 1855, 107,206 in 1860, and 364,399 in 1870. Township and city assessors are re- quired to make every year an enumeration of inhabitants. According to the state census of 1873, the number of inhabitants in the organ- ized counties was 605,063 ; the population in the unorganized counties was estimated at 5,800, making the total population of the state 610,863, a gain of 246,464, or 67'63 per cent, in three years. Of the total population in 1870, 202,224 were males and 162,175 females ; 316,007 were native and 48,392 foreign born ; 346,377 were white, 17,108 colored, and 914 Indians. Of those of native birth, 63,321 were born in the state, 35,558 in Illinois, 13,078 in Iowa, 16,918 in Kentucky, 29,775 in Missouri, 18,557 in New York, 38,205 in Ohio, and 19,-