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752 KANSAS months in each year. General educational in- terests are under the supervision of a state su- perintendent of public instruction, and there is a superintendent in each county. The board of education consists of the state superinten- dent, the chancellor of the state university, the president of the state agricultural college, and the principals of the state normal schools at Emporia and Leavenworth. A prominent duty of the board is to issue diplomas to such teachers as pass the examination. The state institutions of learning are governed by a hoard of seven regents, of whom one is an ex offloio member and six are appointed by the governor and senate. According to the census of 1870, the whole number of schools was 1,689, having 1,955 teachers, of whom 872 were males and 1,083 females, and attended by 59,882 pupils. Of these, 1,663 were public schools, with 1,864 teachers and 58,030 pupils ; 5 were col- leges, with 27 teachers and 489 students; 6 were academies, with 36 teachers and 415 pupils; and 4 were private schools, with 4 teachers and 115 students. The total income of all the educational institutions was $787,- 226, of which $19,604 was from endowment, $678,185 from taxation and public funds, and $89,437 from tuition and other sources. In 1873 there had been organized 4,004 school districts, in which there were 3,133 school houses. The entire school population of the state (between 5 and 21 years of age) num- bered 184,957, of whom 121,690 were enrolled in the public schools, the average daily atten- dance being 71,062. There were 1,880 male teachers, receiving an average monthly salary of $38 43, and 2,143 female teachers, whose average monthly salary was $30 64. The per- manent school fund was $1,013,982, including $1,003,682 interest-bearing securities. The in- come from various sources for public schools amounted to $1,657,318, including $931,958 from district tax and $231,917 received from state fund. The total expenditures for schools were $1,488,676, including $716,056 for teach- ers, $51,504 for rent and repair of buildings, $160,723 for furniture, apparatus, &c., $515,- 071 for buildings and sites, and $79,812 for miscellaneous items. The total value of school houses was $3,408,956 ; of apparatus, $33,873. Kansas has four state normal schools for the free training of public school teachers : one at Emporia, organized in 1865; one at Leaven- worth, in 1870 ; one at Quindaro, in 1871 ; and one at Ooncordia, in 1874. The first named has a normal department, which affords a two years' and a four years' course of study, and a model department. The number of stu- dents in 1873 was 218, the disbursements $17,- 829. The school at Leavenworth comprises a normal department, which affords a thorough knowledge of all subjects taught in the public schools of the state, and a model school in which the art of teaching may be practised. This model school comprises 13 grades or de- partments, in which in 1873 there were 1,100 pupils receiving instruction from 15 teachers. In the normal department there were 7 teach- ers and 63 students. The Quindaro normal school is for colored persons, and was attended in 1873 by 82 pupils. The state university is at Lawrence. The plan of the institution comprises six departments : 1, science, litera- ture, and the arts; 2, law; 3, medicine; 4, theory and practice of elementary instruction ; 5, agriculture ; 6, normal department. In 1874 only one of these departments had been organized ; this comprised a classical course, a scientific course, and a course in civil and to- pographical engineering. There were then 12 instructors and 272 pupils, of whom 73 were in the collegiate and 199 in the preparatory department. No charge is made for tuition. The university already has valuable collec- tions in natural history, and a considerable li- brary. The magnificent building of the insti- tution, 246 ft. long, 98 ft. wide in the centre and 62 in the wings, contains 54 rooms, inclu- ding an immense hall, to be devoted to purpo- ses of instruction. The state agricultural col- lege at Manhattan has received the national grant of lands made for the establishment of colleges of agriculture and the mechanic arts. The aim of the institution is to afford an in- dustrial rather than a professional education. Four general courses of instruction are pro- vided : the farmer's, the mechanic's, the com- mercial, and the woman's. The farm contains 200 acres of prairie upland, so arranged as to afford the best facilities for teaching the appli- cations of science to agriculture and making practical experiments. The nursery of 07 acres contains the largest and most valuable assortment of fruit and forest trees west of the Mississippi river. The mechanical department embraces carpenter, wagon, blacksmith, paint, and harness shops. Women are taught sew- ing, printing, telegraphy, photography, and other branches. Tuition in all departments is free. The principal colleges are St. Benedict's (Roman Catholic), at Atchison, founded in 1859, which in 1873 had 7 instructors and 94 pupils ; Washburn college (Congregational), at Topeka, founded in 1865, having 5 instructors and 93 students ; Highland university (Presby- terian), with 4 instructors and 137 students; Baker university (Methodist Episcopal), at Baldwin City, with 8 instructors and 65 stu- dents ; college of the sisters of Bethany (Epis- copal), at Topeka, with 10 instructors and 83 pupils ; and Ottawa university (Baptist), at Ottawa. The Kansas academy of science was organized in 1868 as a society of natural his- tory, but was enlarged in its scope in 1871, and incorporated by the legislature the following year. In its present form it comprehends ob- servers and investigators in every line of scien- tific inquiry, and aims to increase and diffuse a knowledge of science particularly in its rela- tion to Kansas. The society has made valuable contributions to the knowledge of the state in geology, botany, ornithology, ichthyology, en-