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70 HUNT have however been only incidental to his labors in chemical mineralogy and chemical geology. His researches into the chemical and mineral composition of rocks have probably been more extended than those of any other living chemist; and his investigations of the chemistry of mineral waters, which are not less so, have enabled him to frame a com- plete theory of their origin and formation, and their relations to the origin of rock masses both crystalline and uncrystalline, and to lay the basis of a rational system of chemical ge- ology. From his long series of studies of the salts of lime and magnesia he was enabled to explain for the first time the true relations of gypsums and dolomites, and to explain their origin by direct deposition. His views on this subject are now, after many years, finding rec- ognition among geologists. lie has also care- fully investigated petroleum both in its chem- ical and geological relations. The phenomena of -volcanoes and igneous rocks have been dis- cussed by him from a new point of view, and he has revived and enforced the almost for- gotten hypothesis of Keferstein that the source of these is to be sought in chemical reactions set up in the sedimentary deposits of the earth's crust through the agency of internal heat. In this discussion he was the first to point out and explain the relation between modern volcanic phenomena and great accu- mulations of comparatively recent sedimentary formations, as well as the nature of the rela- tions between these and folded and contorted strata. He has sought to harmonize the facts of dynamical geology with the notion of a solid globe, which he early adopted in opposition to the generally received one of a globe with a liquid interior, and has also developed a theory of cosmogony based upon the chemical and physical conditions of a world consolidating from a vaporous mass, and has endeavored to show how the earth, air, and ocean have as- sumed their present condition under the slow operation of natural causes. His views on these questions will be found in an essay on " The Chemistry of the Earth" in the report of the Smithsonian institution for 1869 ; while his conclusions on many points of geology are embodied in his address delivered as retiring president before the American association for the advancement of science at Indianapolis in 1871, on "The Geognosy of the Appa- lachians and the Origin of Crystalline Rocks," and in others of his recent papers, such as "JTotes on Granitic Rocks," "The Geognos- tical Relations of the Metals," and " The His- tory of the Names Cambrian and Silurian in Geology." Besides his papers in the " Amer- ican Journal of Science," which number more than 100, and numerous articles communicated to the French academy and the scientific jour- nals of France, England, and Canada, he has contributed largely to the reports of the goo- logical survey of Canada, and to the work entitled "Geology of Canada" (1863), the latter half of which is from his pen. He is also the author of a summary of organic chem- istry forming a part of Prof. Silliman's " First Principles of Chemistry " (1852). A volume of his collected scientific essays is now in press (1874). He is also known for his re- searches, both theoretical and practical, into the chemistry and metallurgy of iron and of copper, some of which will be found in tho "Proceedings of the American Institute of Mining Engineers." Dr. Sterry Hunt received in 1854 the honorary degree of A. M. from Harvard college, and later the degrees of LL. D. and Sc. D. from the universities of Montreal and Quebec, in both of which he was for many years a professor, and in the latter of which ho lectured in the French language. He was a member of the international jury at the ex- hibitions of Paris in 1855 and 1867, and is a member of various academies and learned so- cieties both in Europe and America. He was made a fellow of tho royal society of London in 1859, and of the national academy of the United States in 1873. He is also an officer of the French order of the legion qf honor. HUNT, William Henry, an English water-color painter, born in London in 1790, died Feb. 10, 1864. He became a member of the old society of painters in water colors in 1824, and from that time regularly contributed to their annual exhibitions. As a colorist he ranked among the first painters of the day. HUNT, William Holman, an English painter, born in London in 1827. He studied in the school of the royal academy, and in 1846 ex- hibited his first picture, entitled " Hark," which was followed by a scene from " Wood- stock " (1847), the " Flight of Madeline and Porphyro," from Keats's " Eve of St. Agnes " (1848), and "Rienzi vowing to obtain Justice for the Murder of his Brother," from Bulwer's novel (1849). In 1850 appeared his "Con- verted British Family sheltering a Christian Missionary from the Persecution of the Druids," the first fruits of the' new " pre-Raphaelite " movement in British art. He had in the pre- vious year associated himself with John Ever- ett Millais and Dante Gabriel Rossetti, for the purpose of restoring to the art the earnestness and conscientious accuracy that animated the painters who preceded Raphael. Mediasvalism in theology and architecture was the prevail- ing mode of the day, and the young artists showed tho influence which it had perhaps unconsciously exerted upon them, by styling themselves " pre-Raphaelites ;" although they distinctly avowed their object to be chiefly the study of nature, to which they looked for in- spiration, and the minutest details of which they proposed to copy with scrupulous accura- cy. By common consent Hunt was regarded as the leader of tho new school, which was shortly joined by Charles Collins and other young artists ; and notwithstanding much hos- tile criticism and ridicule, he continued year by year to develop the idea with which he