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KETONES KEW 815 modation there are several hotels. The vale of Keswick is renowned for its picturesque scenery, in respect to which it is surpassed by few spots in England. Greta Hall, formerly the residence of Southey, is near the town. KETCHES, or Acetones, a class of bodies com- posed of an acid radical united with an alcohol radical. Nearly all the ketones now known consist of the radical of a fatty acid combined with one of the corresponding alcohol radi- cals, their general formula being C,,,Hj m + l and O n II 2n _iO, where m may be either greater or less than n. When m=0, the ketone becomes an aldehyde, II. CJI^O =0,H 2n O; the ke- tones may be therefore regarded as aldehydes in which one atom of hydrogen is replaced by an alcohol radical. Ketones are either simple or compound. In the simple, m=n 1, so that their general formula is Q n -Kto-, O n H 2 ._iO = Cs-iH 4n _ 2 O. Acetic or common acetone, or methyle acetyle, where ra=2, is OH S OJI 3 O. Both the simple ketones are produced by heat- ing the barium or calcium salts of the fatty acids, whereby two atoms of the salt are de- composed in such a manner that the acid radi- cal of one of them is resolved into the next lowest alcohol radical and carbonyle. KETTELER, Wilhelm Emannel TOO, baron, a German prelate, born in Munster, Westphalia, Dec. 25, 1811. After studying law and being engaged in the civil service at Munster for several years, he qualified himself for the priesthood, was ordained June 1, 1844, and became chaplain at Bock- um, and in 1846 curate at Hopsten. In 1848, as a member of the Frankfort parliament, he delivered a remarkable speech at the funeral of Lichnowsky and Auerswald, who had been murdered by the mob, Sept. 18, and advocated during the debates on the constitution the indepen- dence of the church from the state. In 1849 he was made provost of the Ber- lin Hedwigskirche, and next year bishop of Mentz. He became known as a most enterprising ultra- montanist, founded vari- ous institutions and reli- gious orders and commu- nities with the view of controlling education and charitable works, and ex- erted himself for the protection of Eoman Catholic interests in the ecclesiastical province of the Upper Rhine and in Germany generally. With the support of the Eoman Catholic grand duchess of Hesse-Darmstadt and the prime min- ister Dalwigk, he secured, in virtue of a secret convention of Aug. 23, 1854, special preroga- tives for his diocese ; and although this conven- 465 VOL. ix. 52 tion was subsequently abrogated, he retained these privileges, even after the overthrow of the Dalwigk cabinet in 1871. After having opened an asylum for the Jesuits, and identi- fied himself with the most extreme ultramon- tane measures, he surprised the world by ques- tioning the expediency of the declaration of papal infallibility, though he sympathized with the principle of the dogma ; but as soon as the decrees of the Vatican were passed, he united with other bishops in submitting to them. He was elected in 1871 to the first German Reichs- tag, and became the ablest ultramontane leader in ihat assembly. His principal works are : Das Recht und der Rechtsschutz der Katholischen Kirche in Deutschland (5th ed., 1854) ; Frei- heit, Autoritat und Kirche (7th ed., 1862) ; Die Arbeiterfrage und das Christenthum (3d ed., 1864) ; Deutschland naeJi dem Kriege von 1866 (6th ed., 1867); Die wahren Grundlagen des religwsen Friedens (3d ed., 1868); Das allge- meine Condi und seine Bedeutung far unsere Zeit (5th ed., 1869) ; and Die Amchauungen des Cultusministers Herrn Dr. Falk uber die Katholitche Kirche, nach dessen Rede torn 10. December, 1873 (1874). KEW, a village and parish of Surrey, England, on the S. bank of the Thames, 7 m. S. W. of St. Paul's, London, famous for the royal bo- tanic gardens, the richest in the world, com- prising 75 acres, and open gratuitously to the public daily, including Sunday. They contain a palm house 362 ft. long, 100 ft. wide, and The Museum at Kew. 64 ft. high, houses for cacti, tanks for the Victoria regia water lily, and a most extensive collection of Australian trees and plants. The old palace of Kew was the residence of George III. and his family. The surrounding pleasure grounds cover an extent of 245 acres, tastefully laid out. The observatory is chiefly used as a meteorological station.