Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XIII.djvu/491

PHRENOLOGY 475 Dr. Charles Caldwell of Kentucky, who stud- ied under Gall, and who between 1821 and 1832 wrote and lectured on the subject, form- ing phrenological societies in the large cities. But the number of its adherents was small until the period of Dr. Spurzheim's lectures, chiefly in Boston, in 1832, and the commence- ment of a series of lectures and cranioscopic examinations by the brothers O. S. and L. N. Fowler in 1834. The lectures of Mr. George Combe in 1838-'40 contributed much to the general introduction of the new system ; and still more the "Constitution of Man" and oth- er well known works of the brothers Combe. Since that period the number of the advocates of phrenology appears to have been greatly increased, though many of its principles are still under discussion. Phrenology aims to in- clude the elements of both mind and brain, with their relations, and with consequent applica- tions in respect to the development of the men- tal faculties, to the conduct of the individual and social life, to education, legislation, the arts, morals, and religion. Hence, its subject matter embraces, first, a theory of psychology, and secondly, an organology, or view of the relations of cerebral parts or organs to the mental faculties; this, again, being divisible into organology proper and physiognomy in the broadest sense, or the knowing of the men- tal characteristics through signs, including cranioscopy (signs learned by examination of the cranium), temperaments, the features, and attitudes. It assumes that the value of all these, as signs of character, is based on a ne- cessary correspondence, for every individual, first, between mind and brain, and secondly, between the brain on one hand and other parts of the physical organization, as well as the habits and conduct, on the other. Al- bertus Magnus, in the 13th century, divided the cranium into three regions, appropriating these, from before backward, to the Aristo- telian faculties, judgment, imagination, and memory. Luigi Dolce, in a work on the mem- ory (Venice, 1562), drew a chart of nine re- gions of the brain, answering to as many men- tal powers. Willis, and in 1Y84 Prochaska, especially advocated the doctrine of a division of the brain into organs of different mental faculties, though they did not attempt to local- ize such organs. Gall's first special observa- tion seems to have been that of a prominence of the eyes in all his schoolfellows who were noted for linguistic proficiency and memory of words. Following out the hints thus obtained, he arrived, as he believed, at the functions and locations of 27 organs of mental facul- ties, which he naturally enough named in view of their action, or in many instances of the ex- travagant and perverted action under which, in their extreme development, he often found them ; hence such terms as instinct of mur- der, vanity, &c. Of these all but one were retained by his pupil Spurzheim, who found reasons for including in one the two supposed powers of language; and who then added to the remaining number, first, by distinguishing in Gall's faculty of the " sense of things " the two powers of individuality and eventuality ; and secondly, by discovering the office and seat of conscientiousness, hope, wonder, size, weight, time, order, and inhabitiveness. In George Combe's enumeration, the last named faculty was replaced by concentra,tiveness ; and he added the localities of love of life and alimentiveness, the probable existence of which had been admitted by Spurzheim. The latter set the example of naming the faculties with reference to their tranquil manifestation and supposed normal character; and in fol- lowing out this principle he introduced a new terminology. Dr. Vimont, Robert Cox, J. T. Smith, and other transatlantic writers criti- cised portions of both the scheme of faculties and the location of organs, and proposed changes. The brothers Fowler, S. R. Wells, and other American phrenologists admit still | other faculties, increasing the number to 43 ; and they have changed again several of the names. The following is their latest classi- fication (18T5) of the faculties and organs which they regard as ascertained (the defi- nitions, for the sake of condensation, being slightly modified in some instances), the whole arranged in four groups of affective and two of intellectual faculties, as follows : DIVISION I. AFFECTIVE FACULTIES. (1.) DOMESTIC GROUP: 1, amativeness the sexual instinct, or impulse ; A, conjugality the pairing instinct, exclusive love of one ; 2. parental love love of offspring, love of young, or of pets ; 3, friendship the gregarious or social impulse, attachment to friends ; 4, inhabitiveness love of home and country, desire to locate, patriotism ; 5, conti- nuitypersistence of emotion or of thought, application, absorption in one thing. (2.) SELFISH GROUP: E, vitativeness love and tenacity of life, dread of annihilation ; 6, combativeness impulse to resist and oppose, resoluteness, courage ; 7, destructiveness readiness to inflict pain, to destroy, or to exterminate, executiveness ; 8, alimentiveness appetite for food; F, bibitiveness fondness for water or other beverages ; 9, acquisitiveness desire to possess and own, impulse of get- ting and hoarding; 10, secretiveness instinct of reserve and evasion, cunning, policy ; 11, cautiousness sense of danger or evil, desire of safety, watchfulness; 12, appro- bativeness love of approval or of praise, love of display, sense of reputation, ambition ; 13, self-esteemsense of self-appreciation and self-respect, dignity, pride ; 14, firm- nesstenacity of will and purpose, perseverance. (3.) MORAL GROUP: 15. conscientiousness sense of right and truth, feeling of justice and obligation, integrity ; 16, hope sense of and happiness in future good, anticipation ; 17, spirituality sense of the unseen, faith [love of the marvellous, credulity] ; 18, veneration sense of Deity, adoration, worship; 19, benevolence desire of human well-being, love of others, self-sacrifice. (4.) SELF-PERFECTING GROUP: 20, construct! veness instinct of building, ability to combine or construct [synthesis ?] ; 21, ideality sense of the beautiful and perfect, of the purt) and elegant, imagination (?); B, sublimity love of the vast and grand, sense of the infinite; 22. imitation ability to pattern after, copy, or mimic; 23, mirthfulness sense of the absurd or ridiculous, wit, humor. DIVISION II. INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. (1) PERCEPTIVE GROUP: 24, individuality perception of things or individual objects, curiosity to see ; 25, form- perception of shape, or configuration, including features ; 26 size perception of dimension or magnitude, and quan- tity generally, sense of space; 27, weight-perception of effort or pressure, of force and resistance, of gravity an equilibrium ; 28, color perception of hues, tints, l'hts> and shades ; 29, order cognizance of arrangement, method,