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120 SMITH in Asia Minor led to the subsequent discov- ery of emery and corundum in localities in the United States. After his return in 1851 he in- vented the inverted microscope, and was pro- fessor of chemistry in the university of Vir- ginia, and subsequently in the medical depart- ment of the university of Louisville, Ky., and is now (1876) scientific superintendent of the Louisville gas works. In 1867 he was a com- missioner to the Paris exposition, making a re- port on " The Progress and Condition of Sev- eral Departments of Industrial Chemistry," and in 1873 to the Vienna exhibition. In 1872 he was elected president of the American association for the advancement of science. His scientific reports are numerous, and his original researches, about 50 in number, have been collected in a volume, " Mineralogy and Chemistry : Original Researches " (8vo, Louis- ville, 1873). (See EMERALD, and EMERY.) SMITH, John Pye, an English clergyman, born in Sheffield, May 25, 1774, died in Guildford, Surrey, Feb. 5, 1851. In his22d year he en- tered the Independent academy at Rotherham, and in 1800 was chosen classical tutor in the Homerton theological academy. He subse- quently became pastor of a church at Homer- ton, and in 1813 he was appointed divinity tutor. From 1843 to 1850 he was again classi- cal tutor ; but on the consolidation of Homer- ton, Highbury, and Coward academies into New college, he resigned. He was a fellow of the royal and of the geological society. His principal works are : " The Scripture Testimo- ny to the Messiah" (3 vols., 1818-'21 ; 5th ed., 2 vols., 1868); "Four Discourses on the Sac- rifice and Priesthood of Jesus Christ" (3d ed., 1827); "On the Personality and Divinity of the Holy Spirit" (1831); "The Mosaic Ac- count of the Creation and the Deluge illus- trated by the Discoveries of Modern Science " (1837); and "Scripture and Geology" (1839; 4th ed., greatly enlarged, 1848; 5th ed., 1854). See "Memoirs of the Life and Writings of John Pye Smith," by J. Medway (1853). SMITH, Joseph, founder of the Mormon church, or church of Latter Day Saints, born at Sharon Vt., Dec. 23, 1805, killed at Carthage, 111., June 27, 1844. His parents, of Scotch descent, early removed to Palmyra, N. Y. The family was disreputable, and Joseph's education was very defective. With the aid of Sidney Rigdon he brought forth the "Book of Mormon," which he pretended to have discovered under angelic guidance, written on plates and hidden in the earth ; and on this he founded and or- ganized his church in Manchester, N. Y., April 6, 1830. In 1831 he went with his disciples to Kirtland, O., and erected a costly but very singular temple. Here Smith and Rigdon en- gaged in fraudulent banking, were tarred and feathered for this and other offences in 1832, and after the failure of their bank in January^ 1838, fled to Missouri. There, in a town n:im-.l Far Y~t, Smith's disciples gathered; but tlit-ir irregularities occasioned an outbreak against them, and their speedy removal to Hancock county, 111., where they built a city called Nauvoo, and constructed another costly temple. Here Smith, who combined in his own person the chief military, municipal, and ecclesiastical offices, introduced polygamy un- der a pretended revelation; but several out- raged husbands revolted and established an op- position press, which Smith with a mob de- molished. For this warrants were issued against Smith, his brother Hyrum, and others. The Smiths refused obedience to the authori- ties, the state militia were summoned, and war was threatened ; but they were finally induced to surrender, and were imprisoned. Fearing their release, a mob gathered, overcame the prison guard, and shot the prisoners dead, Joseph defending himself with a revolver till his ammunition failed. (See MORMONS.) SMITH, Joseph Mather, an American physi- cian, born at New Rochelle, N. Y., March 14, 1789, died in New York, April 22, 1866. He graduated in medicine in 1815 at the college of physicians and surgeons, New York. In 1826 he was appointed professor of the theory and practice of medicine in the college of physi- cians and surgeons, and in 1829 attending phy- sician to the New York hospital. In 1855 his chair was exchanged for that of materia med- ica and clinical medicine. His most important publications are: "Elements of the Etiology and Philosophy of Epidemics" (New York, 1824) ; " Report on Practical Medicine" (" Transactions of the American Medical As- sociation," 1848, vol. i.); "Report on Public Hygiene" (ibid., 1850. vol. iii.) ; "Medical To- ?)graphy and Epidemics of the State of New ork " (ibid., 1860, vol. xiii.) ; and " Therapeu- tics of Albuminuria " (" Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine," 1863, vol. ii.). SMITH, Robert Payne, an English orientalist, born in Gloucestershire in November, 1818. He graduated at Pembroke college, Oxford, in 1841, took orders, was curate of Trinity church and master of the academy in Edinburgh, and subsequently was head master of the proprie- tary school in Kensington. In 1857 he was appointed sub-librarian of the Bodleian library, with special charge of the oriental manuscripts. In 1865 he was made canon of Christ church, Oxford, and regius professor of divinity in the university. Since 1871 he has been dean of Canterbury. He has published annotated cop- ies and English versions of Syriac manuscripts, including " Cyril of Alexandria's Commentary on St. Luke's Gospel" (4to, Oxford, 1858; English version, 2 vols. 8vo, 1859) and " Ec- clesiastical History of John of Ephesus" (8vo, 1860). He has also published a Latin " Cata- logue of the Syriac MSS. in the Bodleian Li- brary" (4to, 1864), "Authenticity and Mes- sianic Interpretation of the Prophecies of Isaiah" (8vo, 1862), and "Prophecy a Prep- aration for Christ" (Bampton lectures for 1869). In 1873 he prepared a paragraphic Bible for the society for promoting Christian