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724 TIIORNYCROFT church. In 1836 he was elected professor of logic and belles-lettres in the South Carolina college, and. in 1838 became pastor of the Presbyterian church in Columbia. In 1840 he accepted the professorship of the eviden- ces of Christianity and the chaplaincy of the college, and in May, 1852, took charge of the Glebe street church, Charleston. In Decem- ber, 1852, he was elected president of the col- lege, and in 1856 resigned to take a profes- sorship in the Presbyterian theological semi- nary at Columbia. He published " Arguments of Romanists Discussed and Refuted" (New York, 1845); "Discourses on Truth" (1854); " On the Rights and Duties of Masters," and " The State of the Country " (1861) ; and nu- merous controversial articles in the " South- ern Presbyterian Review," defending slavery and secession. His collected works have been edited by the Rev. John B. Adger (2 vols. 8vo, Richmond, 1874). THORNYCROFT, Mary (FRANCIS), an English sculptress, born at Thornham, Norfolk, in 1814. She was a pupil of her father, John Francis (1780-1861), who attained great emi- nence in London as a portrait sculptor, and executed busts of Queen Victoria, Prince Al- bert, Wellington, and many of the statesmen of his time. In 1840 she married Mr. Thorny- croft, also a pupil of her father, and in 1842 accompanied him to Rome, where she received instructions from Thorwaldsen and Gibson. After her return in 1843 she was employed to execute statues of four of the royal children in the character of the four seasons. Her works include "The Flower Girl," "Sappho," "Sleeping Child," and "Girl Skipping." THOROUGH BASS, the art by which harmony is superadded to any proposed bass, such har- monies being indicated by figures placed un- der the bass notes. The term is also used like counterpoint as synonymous with the science of harmony. (See Music, vol. xii., p. 81.) THOROIGHWORT. See BONESET. THORPE, Benjamin, an English philologist, born about 1808, died at Chiswick, July 18, 1870. He devoted himself to the study of Anglo-Saxon, translated the Anglo-Saxon gram- mar of Rask, superintended a series of editions of Anglo-Saxon works, including the metrical paraphrase of the Bible by Caedmon (1832), and published Analecta Anglo- Saxonica (1834) ; "The Anglo-Saxon Version of the Story of Apollonius " (1834) ; Libri Psalmorum Verio Antigua Latino,, cum Paraphrasi Anglo-Sax- onica (1835) ; the great collection entitled " An- cient Laws and Institutes of England, with a Compendious Glossary," &c. (1840); Codex Exoniensis (1842) ; " Northern Mythology " (3 vols., 1851-'3), a critical collection of the le- gends of Scandinavia and northern Germany; "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" (2 vols. 8vo, 1861) ; and Diplomaticum Anglicum jfivi Sax- onici, a collection of English charters (1865). TUORWALDSEN, Bertel, a Danish sculptor, born at sea between Iceland and Denmark, Nov. THORWALDSEN 19, 1770, died in Copenhagen, March 24, 1844. He was the son of an Icelander, who was a wood carver, and was christened Bartholomaeus, but was called by the diminutive Bertel, which the Italians turned into Alberto. At the age of 11 he entered the free school of the academy of arts in Copenhagen. At 17 he gained the sil- ver medal of the academy; at 20 the small gold medal for his "Heliodorus driven from the Temple;" and in 1793 the grand prize, which entitled him to a small stipend for studying abroad. For several years after his arrival in Rome (March 8, 1797), his progress, owing to illness and his own diffidence, re- ceived no adequate recognition. He was pre- paring in 1803 to return to Denmark, when his model of " Jason bearing the Golden Fleece " attracted the notice of Thomas Hope, who offered him a liberal sum for the execu- tion of the statue in marble, which reached England only in 1824. His earliest efforts reflected the idealism of classic art, and his Mars, Mercury, Ganymede, the Graces, Ve- nus, Cupid and Psyche, Hector and Priam, and "Dance of the Muses on Mount Heli- con" are among the best modern imitations of the antique. A more important work was the magnificent bass relief of the "Trium- phal Entry of Alexander into Babylon," the plaster cast of which was completed in 1812 by order of Napoleon, for the Quirinal. Two copies in marble are in existence, one of which is in the palace of Christiansborg, Copenha- gen. As Thorwaldsen gained in confidence and executive power, he rose above the mere imitation of Greek sculpture, and devoted him- self to original works. In 1819 he made a brief visit to Copenhagen. His progress thither through Italy and Germany was one continuous ovation, and on arriving at his native city he was escorted in triumph to apartments pre- pared for him in the royal palace of Charlot- tenborg. Returning to Rome in 1820, he be- gan the series of religious works which stamp him as one of the regenerators of sculpture. Among these was his colossal group of " Christ and the Twelve Apostles," now in the cathedral church of Copenhagen. In the same church are his statues of the four great prophets and many fine bass reliefs, and the exterior is adorned by his frieze of " Christ bearing the Cross," and by a group in alto rilievo repre- senting the "Preaching of St. John," which fills the pediment. He also executed seated statues of Galileo, of Copernicus, in Warsaw, and of Byron, in Trinity college library, Cam- bridge ; a monument to Pius VII. ; and a vast number of other works. His largest single work is the colossal lion near Lucerne, Switz- erland, commemorating the Swiss guards who fell in defending the Tuileries, Aug. 10, 1792; and among his statues in bronze are those of Schiller at Stuttgart and Gutenberg at Mentz. In 1838 he returned to Copenhagen in a frigate furnished him by the government, and was lodged in the royal palace. He died suddenly