Page:The National Gazetteer - A Topographical Dictionary of the British Islands, Volume 1.djvu/721

CUMBERLAND. 711 CUMBERLAND WARD. of the manor. A few precious stones, as chalce- ,y, garnets, jasper, cornelian, opal, and agate, are .d occasionally among- the rocks, especially those of Sea Fell and Helvellyn range. Cumberland is jvided into five wards or hundreds: Eskdale, Cumber- land, Lcath, AHerdale-aboTO-Darwent, and Allerdale- below-Derwent. The first three, with the city of Carlisle, form the division called East Cumberland ; the latter that of West Cumberland ; each division returning two members to the House of Commons. There are three parliamentary boroughs, Carlisle and Cockermouth, which return two members each, and Wliitehavon, which returns one. The parishes number 106, of which several contain over 10,000 acres; St. Bees, 73,620 acres, being one of tho largest parishes in England. There are 18 market towns : Carlisle, where the assizes, and Easter and Midsummer sessions, are held ; Cockermouth and Pen- rith, where the Epiphany and Michaelmas sessions are held ; Whitehaven, Wigton, Alston, Bootle, Brampton, Longtown, Aspatria, Egrcmont, Hesket-Newmarket, Iivliy, Keswick, Kirkoswald, Maryport, Ravenglass, and Vorkington. Of these the first six, with Keswick, have new (' unity Courts, and the first nine ^Poor-law Unions. The polling-places are, for the eastern divi- sion, Carlisle, where the elections take place, Wigton, Alston, Brampton, Longtown, Hcskct-Newmarket, Kir- koswald, Dalston, and Penrith ; for tho western division, Cockrrmouth, where the elections take place, Bootle, Aspatria, Egremont, and Keswick. The local government is administered by a lord-lieutenant, 12 deputy-lieu- tenants, ii sheriff, and about 85 magistrates. The county is included in the Northern circuit, and is chiefly in the archdeaconry and diocese of Carlisle, in the province of York, excepting a few parishes in the diocese of Chester, and the parish of Alston in that of Durham. There are three rural deaneries Penrith, Wigton, and Carlisle and over 100 churches and chapels belonging to the Church. According to the census of 1861, the county contained 40,532 inhabited houses, and 205,276 persons, showing an increase in population of 9,784 persons since 185 1 . As has been already stated, most of the population are engaged in agriculture and mining ; next to those oc- cupations the most important is the cotton manufacture, carried on principally at Carlisle. There are also several mills on the ( 'aldcw. Coarse linen and sailcloth are also produced at Whitehaven, and woollen-cloth at Keswick. Tho paper and earthenware manufactures are carried on, but not to any great extent. At Whitohaven there are a few ship-building yards. Some of the antiqui- ties, as tho Itoman walls, have already been mentioned while sketching tho history of the county. In addition t<> tlii'se, many objects of interest have been turned up. There are three Druidical temples still standing : one near Keswick, a circle of fifty granite stones, about 8 feet high ; one near Cumwhitton, called " Gray Yauds," a circle of 52 yards diameter, containing 88 stones not more than 4 feet high ; and a third near Little Salkeld, called " Long Meg and her Daughters," a circle about 150 yards in diameto, the largest stone being 17 feet in height. There arc also two or three circles, at Black Comb ; a barrow and a rocking-stone at Souden Head ; an old Danish obelisk near Bewcastle ; and inscriptions at Netherby, Ellenborough, and other places. On tho Scotch borders there arc many martello towers, or Peel H'm-c i, as they are locally called, of threeor four stories high, with one room on each floor. They were built as watch-towers and places of refuge during a raid, and most of them are very ancient. There are several fine specimens of monastic houses in the county. Tho Augus- tine priory at Carlisle was founded at a very early time, and destroyed by the Danes during the Saxon period, but was rebuilt on a much larger scale by William II. Tho same king also founded a Benedictine nunnery at Armathwaito. Ralph de Meschines founded two houses, a Benedictine monastery at Wetheral, and a Cistercian abbey at Calder, near Egrcmont. His son William rebuilt the Benedictine house at St. Bees (Bega), which, like most of the early churches in the northern counties, had been burnt by tho Danes. Part of this building is now used as a school of Divinity. At Holme Cultram was a Cistercian abbey, founded by Henry, the son of David King of Scotland, A.D. 1150. At Lanercost and Penrith were Austin priories, tho former founded by RobertjLord of (iillesland, in 1169, the latter during the reign of Edward II. Several of the parish churches are of very ancient date ; those at Bridekirk and Dearham are remarkable for the antiquity of their fonts ; the church- yard at the latter place contains an old sculptured cross. Aspatria, Torpenhow, and Kirldinton present good speci- mens of the Norman style. Brigham church, dedicated to St. Bridget, contains some very handsome windows. The church at Cockermouth was one of tho finest in the county, but was unfortunately destroyed by fire in 1850. Penrith church was rebuilt in 1722, but the old tower is still standing. It is chiefly remarkable for tho portraits of Eichard Plantagenet and his wife in stained glass, and for the grave of Ewain, the giant, supposed to be of the 6th century. At Newton-Arlosh, Burgh-by-Sands, and Great Salkeld, the church towers are fortified, to serve as places of refuge. As might be expected in such an un- quiet country, castles are very frequent, among which wo may mention Naworth Castle, the old seat of the lords of Gilsland, built in the reign of Edward III., and famous as being the residence of Lord William Howard, or " Belted Will; " Kirkoswald and Dacre, both of which belonged to the Dacre family ; Wulstey, where the famous Michael Scott resided ; Rockcliffe, the property of the Radcliffes ; Millom, Egremont, Cockermouth, and others. The principal seats of the nobility and gently are the follow- ing : Whitehavcii Castle, of the Earl of Lonsdale ; Gow- barrow Park, of the Duke of Norfolk ; Rose Castle, of the Bishop of Carlisle ; Naworth Castle, of the Earl of Carlisle ; Muncaster Castle, of Lord Muncastcr; Armathwaite Hall, of Vane, Bart. ; Crofton Place, of Brisco, Bart. ; Hensing- ham Hall, of Senhouso, Bart. ; Netherby, of Graham, Bart.; Edenhall, of the Musgrave family, to whom belongs the celebrated drinking-cup, called tho " Luck of Eden- hall ; " Workington, where Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, landed in 1568 ; Greystock, Nunnery, Lamplugh, Newbiggini Ireton,.&c. &c. There are four lines of rail, which meet at .Carlisle : The Lancaster and Carlisle, which enters the county near Penrith, and leaving it at Gretna, is continued under the name of the Caledonian ; the Newcastle and Carlisle, which passes through Wetheral, Brampton, and Haltwhistle ; the Maryport and Carlisle, which passes Wigton and Aspatria, and proceeds from Maryport along the coast by Workington and Whitehaveu to Morecambo Bay, where it crosses the Dudden at Lady Hall. There are two branches to this line, one from Whitehaven to Egremont, another from Work- ington to Cockennouth. The latter branch, when com- pleted, will connect Cockermouth, Keswick, and Penrith. Tho fourth line is from Carlisle to Port Carlisle and Silloth, the junction being at Drumburgh. The turnpike road from London to Glasgow andEdinburgh enters the county near Penrith, passing through Carlisle and Longtown. This, and the road from Carlisle through liramplon to Newcastle, are the old mail-coach roads. The coach- road from Whitehaven to Penrith takes a circuitous route, as it passes Cockermouth and Keswick, the whole distance being 44 miles. The only canal in tho county is from Carlisle to Bowness and Port Carlisle, available for vessels of 80 tons burthen, the distance being about 1U miles. CUMBERLAND FORT, in the co. of Hampshire, near Portsmouth. It is situated at tho mouth of Langston harbour, commanding tho entrance to Spithead. CUMBERLAND LODGE, a mansion in Windsor Park, in the co. of Berks, so named after the Duke of Cumberland, the victor at Culloden, to whose memory ;i pillar has been erected close by. CUMBERLAND WARD, in the co. of Cumberland, contains the pars, of Beaumont, Bowness, Aikton, Dalston, Grimsdale, Burgh-by-Sands, Kirk Bampton, Kirk Bridge, Kirk- Andrews-on-Kden, Rockeliffe, Orton, Tlmrsby, Sebergham, and Wigton, with parts of St. Cuthbert, Bromfield, Stanwix, Warwick, Wetheral, and St. Mary, comprising 94,830 acres.