(including Nish) ; Montenegro obtained Nik- siteh. I'odgoritza, and Antivari. It was pro- vided that the five fortresses in Bulgaria which had been the biihvark of Turkey against Russia — Shunila, Varna, Silistria, Rustchuk, and Vid- din — should be dismantled. The Danube below the Iron Gate was neutralized, and Rumania was .given a ]ilace upon the Danube Commission, which had been instituted in 1850. The Con- gress allowed Russia to retain most of her con- ([uests in Turkish Armenia — including Kars and Ardahan — as well as Batuni, and reinstated her in the possession of the strip of Bessarabia which had been taken from her at the close of the Crimean War. It had been recognized that Russia would probably not yield the fruits of conquest in Asia, and on June 4, 1878, Great Britain had entered into a defensive alliance with Turkey, to take effect if Russia retained Batum, Ardahan, or Kars. Under this treaty Great Britain holds Cyprus for Turkey as a guarantee against further aggression by Russia in Asia. The fact of the practical acqui- sition of Cyprus by Great Britain, and of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary, while Russia was robbed of the fruits of jier victory, has been a source of international bitterness not without effect on political relations since 1878. The remaining articles of the Treaty of Berlin imposed certain oldigations upon the Porte, such- as the guaranteeing of civil rights to non-Mo- iiammedan subjects, and provided for sundry evacuations, confirmations, and ratifications. Russia opposed as strenuously as possible the course taken by the powers at Berlin, but to no avail. Bismarck and Ciermany were accused of having abandoned their traditional friendship for Russia.
Consult: Hertslet, The Map of Europe by Treaty, Vols. III. and IV. (London, 1891) ; Hol- land, Tfte Europran Concert in the Eastern Questions (Oxford, 1885) sind Studies in Interna- tional Law (Oxford, 1885) ; Andrews, The His- torical Development of ilodern Europe, Vol. II. (New York, 1899) ; Start, "The Rivalry of Na- tions," in t'hautunquan (Cleveland, 1901).
BERLIN, Rudolf (1833-97). A German
oculist, born at Friedland (Mecklenburg-Strelitz). He studied at Gottingen, Berlin, and other universities, was connected as an instructor with the University of Tiibingen and the Technical Institute of Stuttgart, and in 1889 was appointed professor of ophthalmology at the University of Rostock. The results of his investigations concerning the presence of foreign bodies in the vitreous lunnor, the anatomy and pathology of the lachrymal gland, and other subjects, appeared in technical journals. He was among the first to make a systematic comparative study of diseases of the eye, and in 1882 established a Zeitschrift fiir rergleichende Auijenheilkunde.
BERLIN, University of. One of the most
important universities of the world, and also
one of the youngest. After the disasters of
1800 and 1807 in the war with Napoleon.
King Frederick William III., in September,
1807, established in Berlin an academy or uni-
versity, to which he called many of the most
noted of German scholars, including some who
had been connected with the Univei-sity of Halle,
suppressed by Napoleon. The brilliant success of
the new university was chiefly due to Wilhelm
von Humboldt (elder brother of Alexander voa
Humboldt), a scholar, statesman, and adminis-
trator. As fir.st Minister of Education in 1808,
he brought the direction and support of the uni-
versity into the hands of the Ministry of the
Interior, and greatly enlarged its scope, and in
1809 the King, by royal order, finally established
the university on its present basis. The chief
feature of the new organization was the stress
laid on securing men of the first order of ability
to fill the professional chairs. A yearly income
of 150,000 thalers and the royal palace of Prince
Henry were assigned to the foundation, and the
luiiversity began its brilliant career. Its facul-
ties comprise theology, jurisprudence, medicine,
and philosophy (arts and science). It had in
1901 more than 11.000 students, of whom 6100
were matriculated. These were divided as
follows: Theology, 282; jurisprudence, 1498;
medicine, 1007; philosophy (philosophy proper,
philology, and history), 995: mathematics and
science, 818; finance and administration, 141;
pharmacy and dentistry, 304. The university
also includes several 'institutions,' comprising
the seminars, the institutes of physics and
physiology, clinics, museums, and obsen-atories.
The university is supported by the State, and is
under control of the Minister of Education. The
administration is in the hands of the rector and
senate, the so-called "plenum' or full body of pro-
fessors, and the faculties. A full account of the
organization may be found in the article UniERSITY, section German, etc. Here it is enough to say that the university is practically a self-governing body, with corporate freedom and responsibilities. It has police and judicial powers over its members, exercised by the administration and a university court. Men of all nationalities are admitted, and women (not German) to certain lectures under some restrictions. The choice
of professors for distinguished excellence is still
maintained, and the long list of great scholars connected with the iniiversity includes among others the Grimm brothers, Hegel, Scherer, Bopp, Ranke, Niebuhr, Savigny, Lepsi>is, Karl Ritter, Dove, Gneist, Trendelenburg, Helmholtz, and many more still on the roll of active teachers. The University Library consists of over 100,000 volumes and more than that number of university and school "theses,' etc. The chief library facilities for students are to be found, however, in the Royal Library, which contains over 1,000,000 volumes and 30.000 MSS., including a collection of over 13,000 Oriental JISS. The libraries of the Reicli.stag (100,000 volumes), of the Royal War Academy (90.000 voliunes), of the Royal Wilhelm's A'cademy (00,000), and the Royal Prussian and Royal Secret Archives, and other collections, are accessible.
BERLIN BLUE. See Hydro-ferrocyanic
Acid.
BERLIN DECREE'. See Continental
System.
BERLIN'ER, Gcr. pron. ber-le'ner, Emile (1851— ). A (Jerman-American inventor, born in Hanover. He studied in Wolfenbiittel, came to the United States in 1870, and in 1879-82 was chief instrument inspector of the Bell Telephone Company. In 1877 he invented the telephone transmitter, or microphone, known by his name, and constructed on principles independently arrived at by Hughes in England in the same year.
