Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 06.djvu/265

DICTIONARY. 221 DICTIONARY. the names of Faeciolati and Forcellini as editors; 3d ed., 1S31). The Latin words are given Greek and Italian equivalents, and are illustrated by examples from elassieal literature. The latest (tifth) edition is that of De Vit (Prate, 1858- 79), with the OiioDnislicon Toliiis Jjutinitatis as a supplement. This is the greatest of all Latin le.xieons. The first Latin-English Icxieon of any aceount was edited by Sir Thomas Elvot (London, 15;iS; ;fd ed. 1545)." Before this tli'ere had ap- peared the I'romploriuiii I'drruUirnm by tialfridus Urammatieus (Unil), the Midiilhi (Jrammatica in manuscript (14S;i). and the Ortiix {(/(irdcit) Vocahtilunini of Wyiikyn de Worde (1500). Then in 1552 a Kiehard Huloet published his h'ltglish- Latin Abccidariuni with English definitions, and in 1570 appeared Maniiuilus Vocuhulorum Puero- rum, a rhyming dictionary of Englisli and Latin words by Peter Ix'vins, and finally the Alveurie by John Baret, whieli had three languages, Eng- lish, Latin, French. In 17.'i(i Robert Ainsworth pub- lished his Latin-English dictionary, which passed through many editions. The best Latin le.xieons of to-day are: l.atiii-l.'iu/li.sh Diciionar)/, White and Riddle (London, 1S801, and EiiiiUxli-Liithi Die- iionani ( ib., 1809); Harper's Laliii Dictionary, which is based on Frcnnd's Latin-German Lexi- con, in English, by Andrews (Xew York, 185G), and which is revised by Lewis and Short (ib., 1886) ; Georges, Deutseh-Lateinischcs iind Latei- nisch-Deutsches M'ortcrbtich (4 vols., Leipzig, 1880-85). This last is most accurate and satis- factory and next to the Forcellini contains the most words of any Latin lexicon. The greatest Latin lexicon of modern times is the Thesaurus Lingua: Latinw (Leipzig, 1900 et seq. ) , which is due mainly to the genius of Edward WiJltflin of Munich. It is edited, under the supervision of the five great German academies, by the most dis- tinguished classical scholars of Germanv. It has reached— in 1902—360 pages, and the word last treated is artus. a fact which shows the great scope of this work. For mediieval Latin the only lexicon of importance is the Du Cange, (iloi- sarium ad Seriptores Mediw et Infimw Latini- tatis (1733-36, edited by Hen.sehel; 16 vols., Paris, 1882-88). Engli.sh Dictiok.vries. The earliest work on lexicography in England was directed to the ex- tension of our knowledge of Latin. To such a purpose are due the Latin-English didinnaries of the latter period of the fifteenth century and the beginning of the sixteenth, which are men- tioned above. With a similar purpose. Minsheu published in 1617 his great polyglot (luide to the Tonr/ues. explaining English words by those from ten foreign languages. The Enqlish Ex/iositor of .John Hullokar (1616) was the first English dictionary in the strict sense of the term, as it pave both words and definitions in English. In the seventeenth century we find the dictionary of Henry Cockeran (1623), the (lloxsoflraphia of Thomas Blount (1656) ; Phillii)s. The en- World (if Knf/liiih Words (1658) : and Elisha Coles' Eng- lish Diclionan/ (1677). In the early part of the eighteenth century there appeared the first dic- tionar>- which attempted to give a complete col- lection of words of the language, the Vnirersal Etitmologlriil English JMelinnnry of Nathan Bailey ( 1721 ) . In his preface to the first volume the author declares that he is the first to at- tempt in Engli.sh to trace the derivation of Eng- lish words on a large scale, although he refers to the work of Blount in his (Jlossography and Skinner in his Eli/niologicon (1071). He also marked accents to aid in prominciation. Bailey's dictionary passed through twenty-four editicins before the close of the century and was the stand- ard until the publication" of Johnson's Dic- tionary. In 1755 Dr. Samuel Johnson published, after seven years of labor, his famous dictionary. Tills was a most remarkable achievement and was epoch-making in the history of the language, for it determined the form, meaning, and use ot English words. Dr. Johnson also introduced the custom uf illustrating the use of words l)y quotations from the best writers. Whatever is said on the etymological side belongs to that time and is not in accord with present knowledge. This work passed through many editions, of which the last is that of Robert Gordon Latham (London, 1866), which is not of any great value today save from an historic point of view. Johnson's Dictionary simply imitated Bailey's in the use of accents to indicate pronunciation. The first dictionary which gave attention to orthoepy is that o'f Kenrick (London, 1773), likewise Perry, Royal fitandard English Diction- ary (Boston, 1777), and the Complete Dictionary of the English Language by the famous elocu- tionist, Thomas Sheridan (London, 1780). The object of this work is stated to be "to establish a plain and i)ermanent standard of pronun- ciation." In 1791 John Walker published Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English Language. In this work pronun- ciation is the main object, and the author de- clares his desig7i to be "to give a kind of history of pronunciation and to register its present state." This dictionary has had a wide circula- tion and has a reputation to-day, although it is not a reliable guide for the pronunciation of the present time, but rather supplies information as to the pronunciation at the beginning of the nineteenth century. In 1836 B. II. Smart pub- lished his Xcn- Critical Pronouncing Diclionan/ of the English Language. This is also designated "Walker Remodelled." The .A'"|(j Dictionary, by Richardson, published also in London, 1836 (new ed., New York, 1863), is valmible for many cita- tions from authors in chronological arrangement, which, however, have unfortunately been abridged in the later edition. The Imperial Dictionary of the English Language by .John Ogilvie (London, 1850) is an encyclo])a>dic lexicon, liferary, scien-. tific, and technological. A new edition by Charles Annandale dates in 1883. This formed the model of the Century Dictionary, mentioned below. Similar to the Imperial Dictionary is the En- cyclopwdic Dictionan/ bv Ro))ert Hunter (Lon- don, 1879-88). Iti 1800 Noah Webster i)ul)lished his Compendious Dictionary and in 1828 he brought out his great .imerican Dictionary of the English Language, which was followed by abridged editions. Besides many editions containing minor changes complete revisions of the large dictionary were made in 1H47 by Chauncey A. (Jooilrich and in 1864 and 1890 by Noah Port'er. This last revi- sion is entitled Wehster's International Diction- ary. It has an appendix with valuable tables, e.g. a jironouncing biographical dictionary and pro- nouncing gazetteer. An extensive Supplement of 25.000 words edited by W. T. Harris was added in 1900. The Webster dictionaries were the initial wiirks in lexicography in the liiited States. The