Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 06.djvu/274

DIES AND DIE-SINKING. 230 DIES NON. complicated tubing rc<iuired. Bui even then the process of cutting and bending cold steel by nieiuis of power-driven dies is much less ex- pensive than the old method of forging such parts roughly into shajie, drilling out the cavi- ties, an<l luriiing and polishing the surfaces. Considering now the use of dies for stamping )i"ircs on metallic surfaces, as coins and medals, it"^is found that the preliminary process of die- sinking is an elaborate one. it requires great skill and gives o|>porlunily for the display of artistic feeling and talent "as well. Die-sinking is a branch of engraving, bit it involves the use of other tools besides those of the engraver. A piece of softened steel, called the hub, is pre- pared, and on its end the design is cut. The steel is then hardened and forms the matrix. The design on the matrix is impressed upon another plug of softened steel, with the result that the design, wrought in intaglio on the ma- trix, comes out in relief on the second piece of metal, which is called the punch. The punch, in turn, is hardened and used to impress the design upon a third piece of metal. This third piece is of course an exact duplicate of the matrix and forms the die to be used for stamp- ing coins. 'The original matrix upon which the design was engraved is not used for stamping coins because the expense of engraving is very great, and the life of a die is short, but is saved for making more dies. One step in the process outlined mav be saved by engraving the design, in relief, in the first place so that the punch made from this design in intaglio can be used as a die for coining or stamping. Consult: Lucas, Dir.i and Die M(ih-ing (Provi- dence.R. I., 1897), a practical treatise on the subject of makin.' dies for manufacturing purposes; and WoodwoHh. hies ( New York, 1 'M)-l ) . The art icle by Obcrlin Smith, alluded to in the text, contains an admirable resiim.- of the results obtained by this method of metal working. See also article -Mint, DIES 1HJE. di'ez I'rf (I.at.. day of wrath). The name generally given (from the opening words) to one of the most famous mediteval hvmns It is written in triplets of rhyming tro- chaic tetrameters: it describes the last judgmer.t in language of magnificent grandeur, and then passes '"into a plaintive plea for the souls of the departed. Daniel, who calls it 'the chief glory of sacred poetry-,' and other eminent authorities agree in assigning its authorship to the Francis- can Thomas of Celaiio (died c.l2r);">>. It found its way gradually into various diocesan missals, and was prescribed for universal use in the re- vised edition of the Ttoman missal put forth by Pius V. in 1.570. It is one of only five sequences which have been retained in modern usage, and is sung on .Ml Souls' Dav and at other masses for the dead. It was translated into English by Crashnw in the .seventeenth centurv. and by Macaulav, Isaac Williams, Dean Stanley, and others iii the nineteenth. Perhaps the best ver- sion, as well as the most familiar, is that by W. .1. Irons. Scott introduced the opening .stan- zas into his "I.av of the Last Minstrel," and an cfTeetive use. heightened by C.ounod in his opera, is made of it by C.oethe in Faust. DIESKAU, dr'skou, Kart. Wii.hei.m (1701- 77). .V C.crnian soldier, bom at Dieskau. He fought in twelve campaigns, and rose to be a lieutenant-general. He brought about many im- portant improvements in the artillery service, and under commission of Frederick the Great in- vented a kiiui of light caimon known by his name. DIESKAU, Liuwui At gist, Baron (1701- (17). A (^icrnian ollicer in the French servic-e. dis- tinguished in the French and Indian War in America. He was born in Saxony, was an adjutant to Marshal Saxe, served under that oflicer in the Xetherlands. and in 174S was raised to the rank of l)rigadicr-general. In 1755 he was sent to .Vmcrica as major-general, to command the French troojis in the French and Indian War, and in August took the lield at the head of 3573 men. Karly in September he started for Fort Edward at the head of ill) regulars. 084 Canadians, and about COO Indians: but after- wards changed his plans and moved against Fort George. On Si-ptcmber 8, three milc> from Fort George, he ambushed and com|)le(cly defeated a detachment of 1000 men sent against him; but, deserted bv the Indians and many of the Cana- dians, he was himself totally defeated before the fort by a force of Kiiglish colonists under Sir Williaiu Johnson. He was severely wmiiided, was taken jirisoner, and was held until 1703. For an account of his military career in .meriea, consult Parkman, .1/oh(co?»i aiul Wolfe (2 vols., Boston, 1884). DIES NON, di'ez non ( Lat.. alibrevialcd from Ihc |ihra>c i/ic.v iioii juritlicus, not a court day). A non-juridical day: that is. a day on which the business of tlic courts in the adiniiiislration of justice cannot lawfully be carried on. At the com- mon law Sundays and certain other peculiarly sacred davs were of this character, as .scciision Day. -VU Saints' Day. Christmas Day. etc. In the liiiled States certain secular holiilays arc includ- ed in the description of non-juridical days, as well as Sunday, hut not all legal holidays, nor all davs on which the courts do not sit. . day mav lie juridical, that is, open to legal process and the administration of justice, even though it be a legal holiday in (be u>ual ai'ecp(ation of that term, and the courts be not regularly in .session. Christmas Day is universally a dies noii, and in some jurisdiciions Thanksgiving, or Fast Day. and Imlepcndence Day. But the <lay of the gen- eral election, the Saturday half-holiday, and •bank holidays' generally are law days. Nor does the fact that' certain legal acts, as the giving of a iiromissory note or its presentment for payment, are prohibited on a certain day alTeit it-< juriili- eal character. It is <mly the virtual suspension of the operations of justice which gives a day the character of a dies uou. and the policy of the law does not favor the multiplication of such days. Hut this i)aralysis of judicial administration has never been eoniplcte. There have alwiiNs been exceptions to the rule, even in the law court*, and in the early history of equity jurisdiction the Chancellor was restrained only by his own sense of what the sanctities of a holy day seemed to require. To-day the etpiitable as well as the common law jurisdiction of the courts is sus- pended on non juridical days, and ordinarily there can he no valid issue or service of process of any kind on such days; but it is everywhere held "that the court may sit for the purpose of receiving the verdict of a jury, and that warrants for treason, felony, and breach of the peace may issue and be executed on any day ; and in gon-