Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 06.djvu/295

DILIGENCE. 251 DILLENIXIS. stage-coach. It was a huge, strong-built vehicle, with 4 broad wheels, weighing, with its load, about 5 tons, and was drawn by 4 stout horses, at the rate of about (i miles an hour. It consisted of 3 chief compartments; the front, called the coupi'. for 3 persons; the second, called the I'n- tiricur, for ti persons; and, lastly, the rotondc, entered from behind, for G persons. Aloft, in front, was the banquette, where the conducteur was seated: and behind this, underneath a thick leather covering, passetigcrs were sometimes hud- dled among luggage an<l goods, with little regard to their comfort. All the places in the body of the vehicle were niinibered, and assigned in the order of booking. Usually an effort was made to be booked early, in order to secure corner places. In booking, it was customary to pay only a por- tion of the fare, called arrhes (earnest money) , the remainder being paid at the end of the journey. The driver being concerned only with the horses, the entire management of the vehicle, including the charge of the drag or break, devolved on the conducteur, a personage dressed in a blue cloth jacket and cap, and having a badge on his breast indicative of his dignity. The system of dili- gences has become obsolete since the development of railways, but the memory of the diligence will long sur-ive in literature. DILKE, dllk. Charles Wextwobth (17S9- 1S64). An English critic and antiquary. He grad- uated at Cambridge, was for many years an offi- cial in the navy pay-office, and from 1830 to 1846 edited the Athenceum, of which he had in the for- mer year become proprietor. In 1846-49 he man- aged the Daily Aeirs. He was a friend of Keats, llood. Leigh Hunt, Barry Cornwall, and Lamb, and between 1847 and 1864 wrote for the Atlie- nocum a number of valuable literary essays, col- lected as Papers of a Critic (2 vols., 1875). DILKE, Sir Charles Wextwokth (1810-69). An English promoter and politician, born in lx)ndon and educated at Cambridge. He was a zealous promoter of the great International Ex- hibition of 1851 ; and was one of the English commissioners of the Xew York Industrial Ex- hibition of 1853. He was also one of the five royal commissioners for the exhibition of 1862, and was shortly afterwards knighted. In 1865 he was a member of Parliament, and in 1869 representative of England at the Saint Peters- burg Horticultural Exhibition. DILKE, Sir CHARLt;.s Wentct-orth (1843 — ). An English politician and autlior, bom at Chel- sea, the grandson of Charles Wentworth Dilke (q.v.). He graduated at Cambridge in 1866, traveled extensively in the L'nited States, Canada, and the British coimtries in the East; and em- boclied his obsenations in Greater Britain: A Record of Travel in English-Speaking Countries During ISOG-GV (1868)." He represented Chelsea in Parliament from 1868 to 1886. was Under-Sec- retary of State for Foreign Affairs from ISSO to l?i>2. and was president of the Local Government Board from 1882 to 1885. Always a radical in politics, he was fiercely attacked in the seventies because of his avowed republicanism. Among the reform measures carried by him was the one secur- ing the municipal franchise for women. In 1884 he was prominent as chairman of the Royal Com- mission on the Housing of the Working Classes. Tn February, 1886. a Mr. Crawford secured a divorce from his wife, naming Sir Charles Dilke Tou VI.— 17. as co-respondent; the case was spoken of and kno«Ti as the Crawford Scandal. Pending the trial and after it was known that Sir Charles was iiiil)licatcd, he was elected member of Parliament for Chelsea, it being understood that he would resign if the final outcome of the trial seemed to his constituents to warrant it. He did not re- sign. At the trial the charges against him were sustained and the divorce was granted. He re- tired from public life, but reentered it in 1892, since which time he has sat in Parliament for the Forest of Dean. Sir Charles Dilke succeeded liis father and grandfather as proprietor of the Athe- n(vum, and became the owner of yotes and Que- ries. Besides the works ahead}' mentioned, he published The Present Position of European Poli- ties (1887) ; Problemxof (Greater Britain (1890), and The British Empire (1898). DILKE, Lady Eiuma Frances Strong ( 1840- 1904). An English author, born at Ilfraeombe. She was privately educated, became a contributor to the Halurday Review in 1864, and subse- quently was for many years fine-art critic of the Academy. In addition to numerous articles in English and French periodicals, she published The Renaissance of Art in France (1879), a biog- raphy of Lord Leighton ( 1S81, in Dumas's "ilodern Artists Series") ; Art in the Modern State (1884) ; French Painters of the Eighteenth Century (1899); and French Architects and Sculptors of the Eighteenth Century (1900). She was married first to the Reverend Hark Pat- tison (q.v.), and later to Sir C. W. Dilke (q.v.). DILL (AS. dile, OHG. tilli, Ger. Dill, from Dutch dille ; origin obscure), Anethum. A genus of plants of the natural order Umbelliferse, having compound umbels without general or par- tial involucres. Dill {Anethum or Peueedanxim graveolens) is an annual or biennial plant, which grows wild in grain-fields in the East and in the countries around the Mediterranean. It is quite hardy in Great Britain, and is cultivated to some extent in the United States. It has from a very early period been in general cultivation as an aromatic, stimulant, and carminative. It has a stem one to four feet high, bearing at top a fiat umbel of ten to thirty rays ; the leaves much divided, and the final segments thread-like. It has strong, peculiar aromatic smell and taste ; the leaves and fruits are extensively used for flavoring pickles, sauces, etc. The fruit (dill- seed) is used in medicine, chiefly for relief of flatulence in infants, and is administered in the form of dill water in the preparation of which oil of dill is employed — a pale-yellow essential oil, on which the properties of the plant depend, and which is obtained by distillation. Sowa dill {Anethum soica) , now considered as identical with the preceding, is a native of Bengal, and is much cultivated in the East Indies for its fruit, which is variously used in medicine and flavor- ing. It is a common ingredient in curries. The plant nuich resembles common dill, but its flavor is stronger. DILLETIItrS. or DIL'LEN, Johax.v Jakob (1087-1747). A German-English botani.st. He was born at Darmstadt, Germany. After holding a professorship at the University of Giessen he went to England (1721), and was in charge of the celebrated Sherard Botanical Gardens at El- tham for several years. In 1728 lie was ap- pointed professor of botany at Oxford, where