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DICECISM. 263 DIOGNETXJS. pollination. On the other hand, it is in general a primitive condition, for many jtymnospcrms and the most primitive anj;iosi)ernis are dioe- cious. Although prevailingly displayed by the more primitive groups (jf >eed-plants. it is by no nieiuis wanting in the highest groups, so that it is not an essential imlieation of either a primi- tive or a derived condition. There are eases in which it is evident that the diuocious habit is a derived one, since in the stamen-bearing flowers rudiments of the carpels may be found, and in the carpel-bearing flowers rudiments of stamens often occur. It is evident that in such cases the dioecious condition has come from what is called the bisporangiate condition — i.e. one in which the two sets of sporangia occur in the same flower. Difpcious flowers are necessarily mono- sporangiate ; but flowers may be monosporangiate and yet both kinds of flowers may occur upon the same individual. The monosporangiate and dioe- cious conditions are therefore not STiTionymous. DIOGENES, dl-6j'e-nez (Lat., from Gk. Aio- 7^yi)c) (c.412-323 B.C.). A cynic philosopher. He was a native of Sinope, in Pontus. His father, Icesias, a banker, was convicted of debasing the coinage, and his son, being implicated in the matter, was obliged to leave Sinope. On coming to Athens he attached himself to Antisthenes, by whom, however, his first advances were re- pelled. In spite of his inhospitable reception, Diogenes renewed the attempt to find favor with Antisthenes ; but though driven away by blows, his perseverance at last prevailed, and Antis- thenes. moved with compassion, consented to admit him as a pupil. Diogenes now plunged into the extreme of austerity and self mortifica- tion. His clothing was of the coarsest, his food of the plainest, and was provided by the pity of the Athenians. His bed was the bare ground, wheth- er in the open street or under the porticoes. On one occasion, in default of a better place, he took up his residence temporarily in a huge jar, ttWos, in the Mctroum, that thereby he might show his contempt of ordinary men. His eccentric life did not, however, cost him the respect of the Athenians, who admired his contempt of com- fort and allowed him a wide latitude of comment and rebuke. Practical good was the chief aim of his philosophy; for literature and the fine arts he did not conceal his disdain. He laughed at men of letters for reading the sufferings of Odys- seus while neglecting their own; at musicians who spent in stringing their lyres the time which would have been much better employed in making their own discordant natures harmonious; at savants for gazing at the heavenly bodies, while sublimely incognizant of earthly ones; and at orators who studied how to enforce truth but not how to practice it. He was seized by pirates on a voyage to -Egina, and carried to Crete, where he was .sold as a slave. Wlicn asked what busi- ness he was proficient in, he answered, "In com- manding." He was purchased by a certain Xeni- ades of Corinth, who recognized his worth, set him free, and made him tutor to his children. It is here that he is said to have had his famous, but probably mythical, interview with Alex- ander the fJreat. The King opened the conversa- tion with. "I am .Alexander the Great," to which the philosopher answered. "And I am Diogenes the Cynic." Alexander then asked him in what way he could serve him, to which Diogenes re- joined, "You can stand out of the sunshine." Alexander is said to have been so struck with the Cynic's self-possession that he went 4»way re- marking, "If 1 were not Alexander, I should wish to be Diogenes." Diogenes died at Corinth in B.C. 323, according to tradition, on the same day with Alexander the (ireat. Diogenes was wholly concerned with practical wisdom, and established no system of philosophy. Certain literary works were early attributed "to him, but were recognized as spurious even in antiquity. Consult Hermann, Ziir Gcschichte una Kritih des Diogenes von ,S'iiio/jc (Heilbronn, 1860) ; Zeller, Fhilo.iophic lUr Griechcn, vol. i. (1889). DIOGENES, L.VERTirs. A Greek writer, a native of Laerte. in Cilicia. He flourished ap- parently about the beginning of the third cen- tury A.D. The details of his life are not known to us. His chief work. Lives of Philoso- phers, in ten books, is a history of Greek phi- losophy from its beginnings. Diogenes, however, lacked the ability to handle his subject, and his interest lay rather in collecting biographical anecdotes and selecting passages from the works of his predecessors than in undertaking a critical account of the development of philosophic thought. Furthermore, he drew, not from original works, but from compendia and his- tories, especially from the writings of Diodes, Xicias, and Favorinus. Yet his work has prc- seiTed many valuable facts of which otherwise we should be ignorant. Esp<'cially interesting are the three letters of Epicurus to Herodotus, Prthocles, and ^Menoeceus, quoted in book 10. Tlie authenticity of the second letter, .however, is questioned. Diogenes also composed epigrams, some of which are quoted in his larger work. The Lives are edited bv Cobet (Paris, 1850, 1862). DIOGENES OF APOLLO'NIA. ,A Greek philosopher, a jiupil of Anaximcnes and a con- temporary" of Anaxagoras. who flourished in Athens in the first half of the fifth century B.C. He believed air to be the source of all being, and all other substances to be derived from it by con- densation and rarefaction. He also recognized an intelligent principle, but did not distinguish between mind and matter. Consult Zeller, Philosophie drr flriechen, vol. i. (Leipzig, 1892). DIOGENES CRAB. See Hermit-Crab. DIOGENIA'NtrS (Lat, from Gk. A»7e- Ki.av6';, Diogoiciaiws) . A Greek grammarian of Heraclea, who lived in the middle of the sec- ond century a.d. His epitome, in five books, of the collection of glosses compiled by the Alex- andrian grammarian Pamphilus, about a cen- tury before, is believed to have been the basis of the lexicon of Hesychius. A portion of the work, containing a collection of proverbs made by him, is preserved in an abridged form in the Paraemi- ographi Ora-ci, edited by von Lcutsch and Schneidewin. DI'OGNE'TTJS (Lat.. from Gk. A/Ayiz/Tos) , Epistle to. A Greek Christian work, of un- known authorship, commonlj' included among the .Apostolic Fathers (q.v.). bit properly be- longing to the apologetic literature of tlio early Church. In the Strassburg manuscript, our sole authority for the text, which was destroyed by fire in 1870, the work was attrib- uted to Justin, but it is improbable that he was