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DOGFISH. 358 DOGMATISM. features are a spiue before each of the two dorsal tins; spirnelcs or spout-lioles; five gillopcuiiigs oil caeli side all l>elure the pectoral liiis; uo aual tin and no uietitatiii^ iiieuibniiie ul llie eye. ll is oviparous. The body is long and laj>erin^; the head llat: the snout cunieal, ihe teeth in both jaws sharp-edged and formed for cutting. It attains a length of 3 to 4 feet and a weight of 10 to 15 pounds. It is very widely distributed, being abundant on both coasts of the North Atlantic. The doglish of the Pacific Coast of North America is probably the same species, which is taken in great numbers for the sake of the oil extracted from its liver. (See Plate of L.mi'REys .xi) Dog- fish.) The same name is given to the "requiem sharks' (CJaleida-), es|tecially to the smooth bound or "dog-shark' [Muslelus canis) of the North Atlantic (.see Tope), which resemble the Squalid.T in general form, but have an anal fin and are ovoviviparous: also to the bow-fin (q.v.). DOG'GERBANK (Engl., Ger., Dutch dogger, sort of DuUli tishing-l)oat -|- hank). An ex- tensive fiat sandbank near the middle of the North Sea between England on the west and Den- mark on the east, with a niaxinnim breadth of 60 miles and an average breadth of about 40 miles. It strelehes northeast and southwest for a distance of about "200 miles between the limits of latitudes 54" 10' N. and oS" 40' N. and lonci- tudcs 1..>° E. and 5' E. It has in general a depth of less than 1'20 feet, and although deeper in some places, yet toward the English coast has lit- tle over 50 feet of water. This bank furnishes important cod-fishing gvcninds. DOG'GETT, or DOGGET, Thomas ( M721). An English comedian and manager. He was bom in Dublin, and was for a time a member of a trav- eling company lH?fore he made his apjjcarance in 1091 in London at Driiry Lane, as Nincompoop in Love for Moncti. Tn It'iOo he first played the part of Ben in Congreve's I.ofc for Love with Betterton at T'ittle Lincoln's Inn Fields. The next year he played Hoi) in his own piece called The Country IVote. In 1701 he played Shylock, as a eomic part, to Betterton's Rassanio. He became, in 1700, one of the managers of the Hay- market, but left his partners about four years afterwards, and later played a few times at Driiry Lane. He .seems to have been somewhat obstinate and difficult to deal with, though a shrewd business man. and of admitted merits as a player. The well-known prize which bears his name, Doggett's Cor.t and Badge, is a mark of his jiolitica! .sentiments as a Wiig. It was founded in 1716 in celebration of the accession of George I. Consult Doran, .1 nnals of the Stage, edited by Lowe (London, 1888). DOG-GRASS. See Coi:cii-Or.ss. DOGMA I Lat., from Gk. SSy/ia. dogma, from 8oK(iv, dolcrin. to seem). Originally an opinion or proposition, put in the form of a positive as- sertion, its truth being supposed to have been previously shown. In thcology. it was understood to signify a ibjctrine defined by the Church, and advanced not for discussion, but for belief. But as this method of stating truth easily degenerates into the assertion of opinions without ground, and without regard to the aspj-et they may pre- sent to others, dnnmn and dngmiilism have come in English to he almost sj-nonymous with asser- tion without proof. In Continental theology, however, the word is still used without implying any eensure, dogmas (Ger. Uugmtn) meaning simply doctrines; and this is the case in our own expression, dogmatic iheologj" or dogmatics, which is that branch of theology that treats of the systematic arrangc- menl of the doctrines of Christianity. The first attempt to give a connected view of Christian doctrine was made in the fourth century by Augustine, who in his Enchciridioii and other works treated of the whole body of doctrine held by the Church, though without any very scientific arrangement. The contributions to dogmatics made in the fifth, sixth, and seventh centuries were mere collections of "sentences.' In the East, in the eiglith centurj-. the doctrines of the Greek Church were treate<i by .John of Damascus in a form already Aristotelian, and his work may be considered the first systematically arranged treatise on dogmatics. His book was as infiu- ential in the Greek Church as the writings of Augustine in the Latin. The regular system- atizing of doctrines liegan with the Scholastics in the eleventh century, but degenerated often into liairsplitting. The first cultivators of dogmatic theology- among the Scholastics were llildebert of Tours (died 11321 and .lvlard (died 1142t. who were followed by Petrus Lombardus (died 1104), Alexander of Males (died 1245). Thomas Aquinas (died 1274). Duns Scotus (died 1308). etc. The era of the Reformation revived iloginntie controversy, leading it back from .ri-<totle to biblical theology. But the controversies l>«>tween the dilleicnt cluirches in the seventcH'Uth century and the too great imiiortance attached tn con- fessions of faith, cramped anew it.s freedom, and gave it again a Scholastic turn. ( For the history of these controversies and for the later develop- ment of Protestant dogmatics, which, under the influence of German criticism and philosophy, have assumed a less and less positive form, see Heform.^tiox : (Jehm.^x Tueolocy.) I'nder the stimulus of opposition from without, the theolo- gians of the Konian Catholic Church have de- voted much labor in modern times to the prcduc- tion of .systematic treatises, which usually ad- here to the old logical methods of the schoolmen, while taking account of all modern objections to what they t-onsider revealed dogmas. The names of Canisius, Petavius. Thomassin, B<>llarmine, Suarez, Liel>erniann, and Perrone may be men- tioned among a host of others in the last three centuries. Pope Leo XIII. has consistently held up Saint Thomas Aquinas as the norm of modern dogmatic thcologj". and has caused an increased study and use of his works. As a result of the Tractarian movement, much more attention than formerly has been i)aid to dogmatic theology in the Church of England and its allied bodies, but ie complete or systematic works have been pro- duced, and many of the more modern are derived from the Roman Catholic authorities named above. For the history of dogmas, see Develop- ment or noPTHiNE: CiiEEn.s and Conkessions. DOGMATISM. In philosophy, the assump- tion of metaphysical knowledge without examin- ing the conditions and the limits of the possibil- ity of knowledge. It is the willingness to accept the ilelivcrances of consciousness without any further ado. .ll naive consciousness is in a cer- tain sense dogmatic. The infant apparently does not question the reality of his experiences. But in time the inconsistencies into which he gets by accepting without question everj'thing that comes