Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 06.djvu/585

DTJKE. 500 DUKHOBORTSY. Prince, who was created Duke of Corii«all in 1337. was the first English duke. In 1351 Henry, the Kings cousin, wa.s created Duke of Lancaster, and when upon his death his daugh- ter was married to John of Gaunt, the King's fourth son. the title was transferred to him. his elder brother Lionel being made Duke of Clarence. In the suceee<ling reign^tliat of Richard 11. — the two younger sons of Edward III. were created, the one Duke of York, and the other Duke of Gloucester. The dignity was tlius, in the first instance, confined to the royal house. liul the families of Holland a.id Mowbray very soon received the same title, and one of the Beauforts. an illegitimate son of John of Gaunt, was raij-ed to the peerage with the title of Duke of Exeter. In the reign of Henry VI. the title was granted more widely, and there were at one time ten duchesses in his Court. The Staflfords, Beavichamps, and de la Poles belonged to this period. King Henry VIII. created only two dukes — one. his illegitimate son, whom he made Duke of Richmond ; and the other, Charles Brandon, who married his sister Mary, and was made Duke of Suffolk. Queen Elizabeth found only one duke when she came to the throne — Thomas Howard, Duke of Xorfolk — attainder or failure of male issue having extinguished the rest of them. After the attainder and execu- tion of the Duke of Xorfolk, there was no duke in England, except the King's sons, till Ludovic Stuart, a relative of the King, was made Duke of Richmond in 1G23. In 1623, also, Villiers was made Duke of Buckingham. On the Restoration, Charles II. raised the Seymours to the rank of Dukes of Somerset, and created Monk Duke of Albemarle. But the custom of conferring this dignity on the illegitimate sons of the monarch was still adhered to. as in the case of the Duke of Monmouth, who was the illegitimate son of Charles II., and the Duke of IJerwiek, son of James II. Of the existing dukes, besides the descendants of Charles II., there are only three families whose titles date from before the Revo- lution of 1CS8. the Dukes of Xorfolk. Somerset, and Beaufort. William and Anne, by advancing a very considerable number of the first families of peers to the rank of duke, altogether changed the character of that dignity. In 1001 there were twenty-nine dukes in the United Kingdom, e.xcluding dukes of the royal blood. The ducal coronet, as now worn, has eight golden leaves of a conventional type, set erect upon a circlet of gold. The stalks of the leaves are so connected as to form them into a wreath. DUXE HUMPHREY'S WALK. The mid- dle ai^li- of iilil Saint Paul's. London, where the tomb of Duke Humphrey (<|.v.) is said to be. The old saying of 'dining with Duke Humphrey.' was in allusion to persons who walked there dur- ing dinner time. DTJKE OF EX'ETER'S DAUGHTER. A nickname applied in the liftccntli century to an instrument of torture resembling a rack. Black- stone says I Commentaries, ii.. sec. 326): "The trial V)y rack is "utterly unknown to the law of EnL'land. though once when the Dukes of Exeter and Suffolk, and other ministers of Henry VI., had laid a design to introduce the civil (i.e. Roman) law into the kingdom as the rule of government, for a beginning thereof they erected a rack for torture, which was called in de- rision the Duke of Exeter's daughter, and still remains in the Tower of London, where it was used as an engine of State, not of law, more than once in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. But when upon the assassination of Villiers. Duke of Buckingham, by Kelton, it was proposed in the I'rivy Council to put the assassin to the rack, in order to discover his accomplices, the judges, 'ueing consulted, declared unanimously that no such proceeding was allowable by the laws of England." DUKE OF GUISE, The. A tragedy, of po- litical signiticancc. by Dryden and Lvv. published in 16.S2, and directed against the violent Whig- gism of Shaftesbury and .Monmouth. So great was the feeling aroused by the piece that Dryden afterwards issued an apologetic pamphlet en- titled -i 'iii(lic<Jl ion (if thr lliikf t>( IJuixc. DUKE OF YORK'S SCHOOL, or Royal iIiLiT.RY AsYi.r.M. A school founded at Chelsea, by Frederick, Duke of York, in I SO 1-03, for the support and education of soldiers' orphans. Originally, girls as well as boys were admitted, but the admission of girls was discontinued after some years' trial. The institution is supported by Parliamentary grant, and is under the control of a board of commissioners. Boys, leaving school, in many cases enter the army, or are apprenticed to trades. There are some 500 boys in the school. DUKHOBORTSY, du'Ko-bort'si. or Dvkho- BOKs ( Kuss.. spirit-wrestlers, from dtikhu. s])irit + horuti, to overcome, to fight; so called from the denial by the sect of the divinity of the Holy Ghost ) . A Russian religious sect, founded in Kharkov, about 1740-50. It increased in numbers under Kolesnikoff in the Government of Yeka- terinoslav (1750-75), and under Kapustin in Tambov (1755-85). This rapid growth caused governmental persecutions in 1793-94 and 1797- 1800, but Commissioner Lopukhin's favorable report (1801) moved the Government, on his recommendation, to settle the Dukhobortsy on the bank of the river Molochnaya in Taurida. A large tract of fertile land and a com|)arativc im- munity from oflicial annoyances lirought a period of thrift and prosperity. About 1819 the (Jovern- ment resumed hostile measures, which culminated in their deportation to Transcaucasia (1837). Pobiedonostseff's policy of bringing all religious elements of the empire. into conformity with Greek Catholicism was resjionsible for the severi- ties which attracted the world's attention to the sect in the nineties. After long petitioning many thousands were allowed to leave for Cyprus <and Canada. Their religious views are simi)le and handed down In- oral tradition. Christ was only a man of superior godlike intellect, and his soul has migrated into many mortals, Kolesnikoff and Kapustin among others. All people are equal, and, Ixiing children of God, do what is right : hence there is no need of rulers. They do not visit the churches, considering that wher- ever two or three persons endowed with intellect, even if .Jews or Mohammedans, gather for wor- ship, there is a churcli. They accept the Ten Commandments, and of the Bible 'only the useful' portions, interpreting the rest allegorically. They have no icons, confession, or ceremonies at marriages, which they contract by the heart's inclination only. In private life, wives and hus- bands are sisters and brothers; the parents are