Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/322

GBILLET. 284 GRIMALDI. World (171G). Both of Uie explorers died soon after tlieir return to Cayenne as a result of the hard?.hij>s they had undergone. GBILLPARZER, gril'piir-tser, Franz (1791- 1872). An Austrian poet and dramatist, born in Vienna, January 15, 1791. His father, a lawyer, died in 1809, leaving the family needy. After a harsh schooling at home, Grillparzer stud- ied law in Vienna (1807-11), without making a brilliant success. Afterwards he made himself familiar with French, English, Italian, and Span- ish. In 1813 he entered Government service in the financial department: in 1833 he was put over the archives ; in 1847 he became a member of the Academy of Sciences, and in 18.56 he retired. In the outer life of Grillparzer there is nothing very interesting. If we add to what has been said the fact that Grillparzer was once betrothed to a lady whom he always liked and never ■wedded; that he visited Italy in 1819, France and England in 1838, and went to Turkey and Greece in 1843, and finally that he died in great honor on the "ilst of .January, 1872, we know the most striking incidents in his life. In German literature he is a link between Goethe, Herder, Schiller, and Lessing, who helped to sliape his ideals, and a more modern school. Grillparzer was catholic in his theatrical likings. The suburl)an theatres pleased him, but he was also a methodical student of Haydn, Jlozart, and Beethoven. In 1807-09 he wrote a drama, Blaiica von Kastilien: later he turned to Goethe and Shakespeare. Die Ahnfran. a fatalistic trag- edy, was played first at Vienna (1817) and afterwards aroused enthusiasm thrnughout Ger- many. Sappho (1818), also a tragedy, caused the critics to class Grillparzer with Zacharie Wer- ner, Milliner, and Houwald. This long vexed the poet. In 1822 followed Dos Goldnc VUet, a trilogy, which fell somewhat flat. This failure Grillparzer laid to the oppressive rule of Met- ternich. In Konig Ottokars Gliick und Ende the dramatist portrayed the rivalry between Rudolph of Hapsburg and Ottokar of Bohemia. For two years the censor kept this play wait- ing, on the ground that it was ruiseemly to put the founder of the dynasty on the stage. Thanks to the Empress, the piece was played with great success in 1824. After the cool reception of the tragedy Ein treiier Diener seines Herrn (1828) Grillparzer held aloof for ten years. On the refusal of IVe/ic dem der liigt, a comedy (1838), Grillparzer was utterly disheartened. Der Travm ein Lehen (1834). after La vida es siieuo, by Calderon, a dramatic tale, is played still with success in Germany. Des Meeres und der Liehe Wellen (1840) handles the theme of Hero and Leander. In 1848 the public seemed to be eager for the poet's reappearance, but he held aloof until his death. Consult: Sauer's Biographical Introduction to Grillparzer's Collected Works (Stuttgart, 1892) : the Jahrhuch of the Grill- parzer Gesellschaft (Vienna. 1890 fT.) ; Traube, Qrillpar^er's Tjcbensfjcschichte (Stuttgart, 1884) ; Littrow-Bischoff. Aus dem, personlichen Verkehr mit Franz Grillparser (Vienna, 1873) : Lange, Grillparzer, sein Lehen. DicMen und Denken (Giitersloh (1894); Friedmann. II dramma tedesco del nostro secolo (vol. iii.), Francesco Grillparzer (Milan, 1893). GRFLSE, grils (Scotch also gilse, cf. Ir. great sack, sort of fish). A British name for a young salmon, on its first return from the sea, when it weighs from two to si.x pounds. GRIM. The (ibherman who, in Arthurian leg- end, saves the youthful Havelok from a watery grave, rears him as his son, and with the royal reward of his good deed founds the town of Grimsby. The story is told in The Lay of Have- lok, the Dane. GRIM, THE COLLIER OP CROYDON. A play liv an unknown author, printed in l(Ui2, and signed 1. T., taken from ilachiavelli's Harriaye of the Devil. The character of tlie Collier, which is found in Crowley's Tlie Collier of Croydon (1550), and in Edward's Damon and Pithias (1571), is of only secondary importance in the play. GRIM, Giant. In Bunyan's Pilgrim's Prog- ress, an ogre who threatens the safety of Chris- tiana and her children, on their journey to the Celestial City, and is killed by Mr. Greatheart. GRIMALDI, gre-miil'de. A celebrated family of Genoa, members of which were princes of Monaco for several centuries down to 1731. They were stanch supporters of the Guelph interests in Genoa and Italy generally, and opposed the Dorias and other CJhibelline families. The fam- ily claimed descent from Grinioakl, the major- domus of the Neustrian King Childebert III. ( (195-7 11). The most eminent members of the (.{riuialdi family were: Ranieri, Admiral of France, who commanded a fleet in the service of Philip the Fair bf France in 1304, defeating and making prisoner Guy of Flanders. — Antonio, distinguished in naval warfare in the early part of the fourteenth century. He was successful against Catalans, but in 1353 was complc;,'ly defeated by Nicolo Pisani, commanding a Vene- tian and Aragonese fleet off the coast of Sar- dinia. — DojiENico, like the others, distinguished at sea, especially in the battle of Lepanlo. October 7. 1571. He became cardinal and Vice-Legate of Avignon, and was noted for his efforts to exterminate heresy. — Gerontmo (1579- 1685), a cardinal, was celebrated for his attempt to reform the morals of the clerg^'. He founded a hospital for the poor, and distributed great sums in alms. In 1731 the male line of Grimaldi became extinct, and the Principality of Monaco passed to the kindred house of tioyon-Matignon, who assumed the name Grimaldi. Consult: Pier las, Monuments incdits snr Ics Grimaldi de Monaco (Turin. 1885) : Metivier, Monaco et ses princes (La F16che. 1865) ; Saige, Monaco, ses origines ct son histoire (Monaco, 1897). GRIMALDI, Giovanni Francesco (called IlBologne.se) (1606-80). An Italian landscape painter of the Bnlognese School, born in Bologna. He was a pupil of the Carracci. He worked in Rome under the patronage of Innocent X. and his successors, and in Paris under that of Cardi- nal Mazarin. He Avas twice president of the Academy of Saint Luke in Rome. He was one of the foremost landscape painters of his time, and also executed many etchings and drawings, some of which latter have been mistaken for those of Titian. His works in the manner of the Carracci include a series of landscapes in the Borghese Gallery, Rome, a scries of scenes from the Old Testament in the Quirinal. Rome, sev- eral landscapes in the National Library, Paris, two in the Louvre, and a "Baptism of Christ" in the Darmstadt Museum.