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HAKE. 461 HAKLUYT. owing to their subtilty and symbolism. They comprise: Poetic Lucubrations (1828); Mtidc- litK, irith Other I'ocms and I'nratiirs (1871); Parables and Talcs (1872); Xrir Symbols, his best work (1875); Legends of the Morrow (1S78); The Serpent I'taij, aDirine I'astonil (1882). Consult: Select Poems, ed. by Mcynell with a portrait of Rossetti (London, 18!14) ; and Hake. Memoirs of Eirihtj/ Years (Loni'on, 1892). HAKE'S DAME. The British codlhij;. The term 'hake' is used very confusingly. In the Kastern United States the species of Urophycis are the fishes usually called "hake.' while the true hake (Merluccius) is known as 'silver hake' or 'whiting'; and the corresponding species of England {I'hi/eis hlennioides) is called 'hake's dame' or "forkbeard." HAKE'"WILL, George (1578-1040). An Eng- lish clergyman and author. He studied at Sain(; Alban Hall, Oxford, and afterwards was elected a fellow of Exeter College. He was one of the two clergymen appointed in 1612 to preserve Prince Charles 'from the inroads of popery.' Boswell says that Johnson studied his writings for their style. His works include: The Vanitie of the Eie. First begannc for the comfort of a (lentleicomun bereared of her sight and since upon occasion inlargcd (2d ed. IGOS; 3d ed. 1(115; and another impression 1633) ; -1 comparison be- tneene the Dai/es of Purim and That of the Pow- der Treason ( 1(126). HAKIM IBN ALLAH, ha'klm ibn al'la. also called Ai.-MoK.NNA, 'the veiled.' Founder of a Mohammedan sect in the eighth century, and leader of a revolt against Mahdi, the third Ab- baside Caliph. He came from Merv in Khorassan and began his career as a private soldier, soon be- came cajitain. and subsequently headed a band of his own. In one of his fights he lost an eye, and henceforth wore a veil. Hakim's religious leaching was that God enters the body of men at various times — e.g. Adam and Xoah — and that He had entered his body. He claimed to perform miracles and is said on one occasion to have caused the moon to appear out of a wall ; hence he is sometimes called 'moon-maker.' His alleged miracles gained him numerous adherents and with them he captured many strongholds. For a time the armies sent against him were defeated, but finally Mahdi dispatched Said al-Harashi. who took city after city, and compelled Hakim to withdraw to Kash. where he was surrounded. In this predicament Hakim poisoned his soldiers and burned himself to death. The story of the veiled prophet has been put into poetical form^ by Moore in Lalla Rookh. Consult Weil. Ge- schichte der islamitischen Viilker (Stuttgart, 1866). HAKKAS, hak'kdz (Chin., stranger fami- lies). An interesting class of people fovnid in different provinces of Sotithern China, but chief- ly in Kwang-si, Kwang-tung. and Fu-kien, whence they have spread to Formosa, Hong Kong. Hai- nan, and even to the Straits Settlements. Their origin is unknown, but for some nn- ." ccountable reason they appear to have been for over 2000 years the object of the most persist- ent and inveterate hostility and persecution at the hands of the native or punti part of the popu- lation of China. Hence they live in communities by themselves. In some districts they form the entire population, as in the prefecture of Kia- ying Chow; in others they form two-thirds of the ])opulation. They are a hard-working, thrifty jieople. engaged in agriculture, and as quarry- men, stonemasons, porters, barbers, etc. In dress and in customs they diU'er from the Chinese. The women are handsome, do not bind their feet, and are not secluded like the Chinese women. Their language is evidently Chinese, resembling more the ilandarin dialect of the north than any of the other dialects. Tradition and their family records and regis- ters place them in Shan-tung and otlicr northern parts of Cliina about the middle of the third cen- tury B.C. It has been suggested that the}' may be the descendants of the aboriginal tribes found in Xorthern China when the Chinese themselves arrived in the country from their original home. They seem to have incurred the displeasure of the first universal Emperor of China (c.250 B.C.). and a bloody persecution followed, in which some of the clans were wiped out. The remnant fled to the nujuntains, whence most of them began their wanderings southward in search of a per- manent home, but persecution met them every- wdiere. Sometimes they were permitted to settle down quietly, and remain undisturbed for genera- tions, as, for example, mder the Han djiiasty, when some of them attained to high otfiee, a cir- cumstance, however, which led to fresh outbreaks, more slaughter, and renewed migrations. Dur- ing the T'ang dTiasty (seventh, eighth, and ninth centuries), they settled in the mountains of Fii-kien and the borders of Kwang-tung, where they were when Kublai Khan and his Mongol armies undertook to conquer China. Large ntnn- bers of the Hakkas joined the Imperial Army and fought for the native dynasty with the utmost bravery. During the disturbances incident to the expulsion of the Mongols, and the establishment of the iling dynasty (1368), fierce persecutions again broke out and large numbers movd to Kwang-tung. whence smaller colonies have made their way into the adjoining regions. Kia-ying Chow, which is entirely Hakka, is noted for its scholars, many of whom compete successfully with the Chinese in the public examinations. Hung Hsii-ch-'uan. the originator and leader of the Tai-ping Rebellion, and all his principal gen- erals, were Hakkas. Bibliography. The literature of the subject is not extensive, but is interesting. Consult: "Ethnographical Sketches of the Hak-ka Chi- nese," in Xotes and Queries on China and Japan, vol. i, (Hong Kong, 1867, and reprinted in the China Review, vol. xxi., London, 1894-95) ; "An Outline History of the Hakkas," in China Rc- vicn-. vol. ii.. and in the same volume, Pitou, "On the Origin and History of the Hakkas" [London, 1873-74) ; Vne risite au pai/s des Hakl;a dans la province de Canton (1892) ; Ball, Things Chinese (London, 1893); First Lessotis in Reading and M'riting the Hakka Colloquial (Basel, 1809) ; Schanb, "Proverbs in Daily Use Among the Hakkas," in China Reviea-, vol. xxi. (London, 1894-95). HAKLUYT, hak'loot, RiciiARn (c.1552-1616) . An English writer on geography and history. After gettinir his degree at Oxford he lectured on the above sulijects. In 1582 he published Dirirs Vogages Touching the Diseorrrg of America, which attracted considerable attention, and prob- ably secured his appointment as chaplain to the