Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/879

HEBDEB. 809 HEREDITY. Redlich (9 vols., Berlin, 18S4 et seq.). For Her- der's biography, consult his widow's Erinnerungen aus dcm Lebeti Johannis Qottfried von Herders (Stuttgart, 1830) ; his sons, Lcbensbild (Erlan- gen, 1846-47); and his Letters (ib., 1840-48). There are Lives by llaym (licrlin, 1880-85): Kuhneniann (Munich, 1894) ; and in English by Nevinson (London, 1884). HERD'S GRASS. See Redtop Gkass. HEREDIA, f.'ia'd.i'a', .Jcsf: de (1842—). A French poet, of Spanish parentage, born at San- tiago de Cuba. He was the most talented dis- ciple of Leconte de Lisle (q.v.). His sonnets are the supreme result of the cultivation of form that the French call 'Parnassian,' very picturesque and as impersonal as lyric poetry can be. Leconte de Lisle was not quite impassive in his pessimism, but in Heredia's work one perceives of the author only the expansion of the heart toward beauty and heroism. The immediate response of the public to the fifty sonnets of Les trophces (1893) was significant of tlie revival of stricter classical taste in a reaction against the fantastic license of the Sj'mbolists and the followers of Baudelaire (q.v,). Heredia's poems resemble (iautier's in polish. They show the reticences of the conscious artist, and a vague suggestion of the subjective. He is the most condensed, plastic, and precise stylist of modern France — rich in suggestions of color and melody, incomparable in the union of sonorousness and compression. His subjects re- flect in the main the scenes and traditions of his -outh at Havana rather than those of his later studies at the Ecole des Chartes. The heroic epocli of Spanish conquest is his most inspiring theme, and he uses it also in his sole picaroon prose ro- mance. La nonne Alferez ( 1894) , and in a transla- tion of Bernal Diaz's Chronicle. But he is often superb in merely e.otic description, as in the bril- liancy of Recif de corail or the splendor of Blason c6leste. Heredia was elected a member of the French Academy in 1894. There is a translation of the sonnets into English blank verse in Frank Sewall's The Tro/ihies '(Boston, 1900.) HEREDIA Y CAMPTTZANO. o kam-poo-za' no, Jose iI.Rf. di: ( 180.J-39). A Cuban lyric poet, born in Santiago de Cuba, December 31, 1803, His father and mother were from Santo Do- mingo. Very early Heredia was taken to Flor- ida, then to Santo Domingo, and in 1812 to Venezuela. At the age of ten he began to study philosophy in Caracas, whence he went to ilex- ico. Thence he went to the University of Ha- vana in 181". Heredia had scarcely become a lawyer when he was arrested for conspiracy against Spain and banished from Cuba (1823). He now lived in the United States for two years, making a scanty livelihood by his poems and by giving lessons in Castilian. We next find him in Mexico, whither he had been called by (iuadalupe Victoria. Heredia held in Jlexieo various offices both legal and educational. In 1827 he married a ^lexican, .Jaida Yanez. After thirteen years of banishment Hercdi.a sought and obtained permission to visit his mother and sisters at Matanzas. Three months later he had to leave them. Heredia died at Toluca, Mexico, May 12, 1839. Though he is much less gifted than his cousin, the French sonnetist, Jose de Heredia (q.v.), this poet is well worth reading, because he is the first of the Cuban poets of the patriotic group. Here- dia's Spanish is remarkably pure. His verses are often rhetorical, sometimes crude, and one is continually impressed by the weakness and the vanity of their author; nor is there ever any great power in Heredia's reasoning, but his verses are often imaginative and they reflect the melancholy of exile. Their tropical coloring in- itiated a brilliant epoch in the poetry of Cuba, not only making his name wi<lely popular in all Spanish-speaking countries, but also causing his poems to be translated into the principal tongues of the civilized world. The foremost Spanish critics, as well as distinguished French and English writers, among them Longfellow, paid high tribute to the lyrical productions of the (^uban poet. They passed through numerous editions. Of especial interest to the . ierican reader is the admirable ode "Al Ni.'igara," trans- lated into many languages. Besides rendering into Spanish verse several dramas by famous French and Halian authors, such as Voltaire, Chenier, .Alfieri and others, he published, in 18.30- 31, Lccciones dr historia nnirersa}. a work dis- tinguished by lucidity qf style and profundity of ideas, entitling its author to an honorable ])lace among Latin-American historians. Consult: The biogra])hics by Canovas de Castillo (Madrid. 18531, and Bello (London, 1857) : Torres Caicedo, Ensai/os hiograficos, 1. (Paris, 1803) : the Obras poeticds de Don dose Maria de Heredia. ed. of Nestor Ponce de Leon (New York, 1875) ; Pocsias liricas con prolor/o de Elias Zerdo (Paris, 1893): and Hills. Ililrdos Cuhanos (Boston, 1902). HER'EDIT'AMENT (ML. hereditamentum, from Lat. hcrcditurr, to inherit, from heres, heir). In English law, a comprehensive term in- cluding everything that goes to the heir-at-law. Hereditaments are regularly classified as cor- ])oreal and incorporeal. . house or land held in freehold is a corporeal hereditament: while tithes, advowsons. profits o prendre, and even future estates in land are incorporeal, being dealt with, in our legal system, as impalpable rights enjoyed in corporeal things. The term most frequently appears in the phrase "lands, tenements, and hereditaments,' technically used by Blackstone and other common-law writers to denote every species of real property. Hereditaments is the most comprehensive term of the three, as it in- cludes not onlj' lands, but incorporeal interests, such as those above referred to, and not only tenements, but such things as heirlooms (q.v.). On the other hand, it does not incdude interests in lands, such as leasehold estates and life es- tates, which do not descend to the heir. See Heik: 1!e.l Property. HEREDITY (Fr. h^rHiU, from Lat. heredi- las, inheritance, from heres. heir). The phenom- enon of correlation in the deviations of blood relatives from the mean. No two individuals are alike: by marshaling in a series a large num- ber of individuals of a species we shall find it possible to recognize a typical or middle condi- tion of each organ or quality. From this typical condilon called the mode, the organs or quali- ties of most individuals deviate to a certain ex- tent. Thus, if stature be the quality in question, we shall find that adult males of the United States have a modal stature of, say, 07 inches. Then a person whose stature is 70 inches deviates 3 inches from the mode in a + direction, .ccord- ing to heredity, his close relatives will, on the average, deviate in this same direction, and will