Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 12.djvu/159

LEOPARDO. 141 LEOPOLD II. LEOPABIK), in'u-piir'do, Alessaxdro ( ?- C.1521 ). An Italian sculptor, born in Venice. Lit- tle is known of his life. His first work was the mausoleum of the Doj;c Andrea Vendramin, in the Church of Saint .John and Saint Paul, in Venice. In this work he was assisted by Tullio Lombardi. In 1487 he was exiled from the city for some unknown indiscretion, but three years afterwards was recalled to complete the statue of Colleoni, left unfinished by Verrocchio. This magnificent fiijure was cast in bronze by Leo- pardo, and owes much of its exquisite detail to his art. From 1.503 until 1.50.5 he was employed with the Lombardi to erect the fine tomb of Car- dinal Zeno in Saint JIark's. His last works were the three bronze warriors in the square of Saint Mark's, begun in 1505. Leopardo is considered the first sculptor of his time in Venice. LEOPARD SEAL. The Pacific Coast variety of the 'common' or 'harbor' seal [Phoca vitti- lina), which is more often spotted than is that of the Atlantic. Consult Scammon, Marine Mammals of 'he Northicestern Coast of yorth America (San Francisco. 1874). See Seai.. LEOPARD (or CAT) SHARK. A small shark tTriakis semifasciatiim } of Southern Cali- fornia, gray, banded and spotted with black. It is a handsome fish, and may be quickly recognized by its variegation. LEOPARD-TREE. A tree which furnishes a useful gum. See Flixder.sia. LE'OPOLD I. (1640-1705). Holy Roman Em- peror from 1058 to 1705. He was the second son of Ferdinand III. (q.v. ) and Maria Anna of Spain, and was born in Vienna, June 9, 1040. He was educated for the Church, but on the death of his father in April, 1057, his elder brother having died in 1054, be succeeded as ruler of the hereditary Austrian dominions (including Bohemia) and as King of Himgary. a large part of which country was still in the hands of the Turks. He was elected Emperor July 18, 1658, and crowned at Frankfort .Vugust 1st. The in- ternal affairs of his reign arc unimportant. In external relations it was a troubled h.alf-century for Austria, and Leopold showed himself un- equal to dealing with the complications and dan- gers surrounding his State. Tlie chronic struggle with the Turks was renewed in 1660, and Hun- gary and even Austria were seriously imperiled, but Montecuculi signallv defeated the eneniv at Saint Gotthard on the" Raab, August 1, 1664. Leopold thereupon hastened to make a truce with the Sultan. The persecution of the Protestants in Hungary, inspired by Leopold's intolerant zeal, and his utter disregard of the Hungarian liber- ties, led in 167S to a formidable revolt in that kingdom under Count Tiikiilyi (q.v.). The Hun- garians were supported by the Sultan, and in 1683 a vast Turkish army, under the Grand Vizier, Kara Mustapha, advanced to Vienna, which was besieged from .July 14th to September l'2th. and was saved only by the timely assistance of .John Sobieski (q.v.), the warrior King of Poland, who. seconded by Charles of J^orraine and the electors of Saxony and Bavaria, com- pletely routed the besieging forces and drove them beyond the Raab. This signal sers-ice of the Polish King T^eopold repaid with in- gratitude. In 1686 Buda was recovered from the Turks. Hungary was now mercilessly pun- ished, and a Diet in 1687 was compelled to register the will of Leopold, making the crown hereditary in the House of Hapsburg. Tlie ex- pulsion of the Turks from Hungary and Transyl- vania was completed (lOUO-9!)) by the brilliant campaigns of Prince Eugene, and' in the Treaty of Carlowitz the Turks were forced to give up Hungary between the Danube and Theiss, and to allow Leopold to take Transylvania. Leopold, however, did not succeed in attaining full pos- session of Hungary, which obstinately resisted his drastic policy, and the task went over to his successor, .Jo.seph I. (q.v.). The natural rivalry between the House of Hapsburg and that of France involved Leopold in the Kuropean wars against Louis XIV. from 1672 onward, and at his death he handed this struggle over as a legacy to his son. He joined the League of Augs- burg against France in 1080 and the Grand Al- liance in 1689, his allies being Sweden. Spain, Holland. Savoy. Bavaria. Saxony, and the Palati- nate. The Imperial armies were brilliantly led by Prince Eugene. The Peace of Ryswick, in 1697, brought to a close one period of this gi-eat strug- gle ; but the year 1701 witnessed the outbreak of the War of the Spanish Succession, which was still in progress when Leopold died in Vienna, May 5, 1705. Consult: Scheichl, Leopold I. und die osterreichische Politik iciihrend de.i Devolu- tionskrieges (Leipzig, 1888) ; Baumstark, Kaiser Leopold I. (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1873). See Austria-Hungary. LEOPOLD II. (1747-92). Holy Roman Em- peror from 1790 to 1792. He was the third son of Emperor Francis I. and Maria Theresa of Aus- tria, and was born in Vienna, May 5, 1747. In 1705. on the death of his father, he became Grand Duke of Tuscany, and ruled as one of the nu- merous class of despotic but enlightened rulers of the eighteenth century. He abolished the In- quisition, abrogated the death penalty, equalized the land tax, favored free trade, and founded schools and almshouses. In 1790, on the death of his brother, .Joseph II., who left no children, he became Emperor and ruler of the Austrian do- minions. He found the affairs of his heretlitary .States in the utmost confusion, owing to the drastic reform policy of .Toseph II. (q.v.). As King of Hungary he bound himself to act strictly in accordance with constitutional law. He re- stored order in Belgium, which had risen in in- surrection under his predecessor. Leopold's atti- tude to the French Revolution in its early phases was marked by extreme moderation in spite of the efforts of the emigres within the Empire to bring on war with France. Xeithcr did he seem to ap- preciate the danger that threatened his sister, Marie Antoinette, and Louis XVL. her husband. After the attempted flight of the royal family from France, however, he entered into an agree- ment with the King of Prussia at Pillnitz (July, 1791), guaranteeing the int<>grity of their re- spective Jltates. and expressing their determina- tion, in ctmn^ction with the other Powers, to re- establisli order in France, but forbidding at the' same time any preparation for armed invasion of France on" the part of the Emigres. Only when the war party in the French National As- sembly had attained the upper hand did I^opold give lip all hope of preserving peace with France. On February 7, 1792, he concluded an alliance with the King of Prussia, but died JIarch 1, 1792. before the actual declaration of war by France. In 1791 peace was arranged with Turkey