MARS. !*0 based upon the similar appearance that tlie great deserts of the earth would present under the same conditions.. Also permanent markings on these patches have been observed. The gray- green markings were at lirst explained to be seas and Sir William lluggins discovered water in the atmosphere of Mars, but the recent observations of Dougla.ss in Arizona (1894) and liarnard at the hick Observatory (189U) seem to disprove the aqueous character of the 'seas.' In 1894 l.owell and Pickering discovered, a month after the Martian vernal equinox, a dark belt con- nected with the south polar cap, which was ex- jilained by them as a gathering of water resulting from the melting of the cap by the summer heat. A similar appearance has been observed around the north polar cap. Of all the markings that have been observed on the surface of MarSj the 'canals' have created the most interest. Since their first observation at the very favorable opposition of the planet in 1877, they have been studied carefully at later favorable oppositions. They have been described by observers as faint lines, becoming finer and straighter at closer observation, following the course of great circles, and distributed like a network over the surface of the planet. Several appear to pass through the same point, at which riiiMid spots, called 'lakes,' are .seen. Various theories have been advanced for the explanation of this 'canal system.' As the name indicates, they were first taken to be waterways, and the change in their appearance was explained as due to the Martian seasons. Pickering considered tliem to he tracts of land rather than waterways. Lowell advanced the view that these 'canals' and 'lakes' constituted a system of irrigation, carried «ut by the inhabitants of .Mars for the purpose of leading the water obtained from the melting snow of the polar regions over the entire surface of the jdanet. These views arc, however, to be taken with extreme caution, since the appearance of the canal system may be nothing hut an o|itical illusion. See Pi,. kt.S; Solar System. MARS, PoRiM or. .V name for tlw Forum of Augustus ((|.V. ). MARS, miirs, .Vnjje Fran(;'oise IIyitolyte BoiTET, Mademoi.selle (1779-1847). A famous French actress. She was born in Paris. Her father was the actor .Taeques Monvel; her mother was an actress. Mile. Mars-Boutet. At an early age she appeared at the C"()nu'<lie Franeai.se in personations of ingenuous childhood, but it was not till she had reached her twenty-fourth year that her first great success was dbtaincd in l.'rihbc <lr lYpcr. in the part of the deaf and dumb girl. I'rom that time forward, through a period of nearly forty years, .she aeteil through the whole range of dramatic art with a fullness of talent that never failed to present with delicacy, power, and good taste each new character in which she appeared. Her last apjiearance was in 1S4I as ('elim^ne in hr mixniilhropr and as .raminlhe in /..,•,■ finniirs .inrnntrx. She ilieil in Paris, on March 20, 1847. Consult, though Ihey are of doubtful value, the Mi'iiwirrn dr Matlimoixrllr ^f|lr.1 (Paris. 1849). and the Cfmliilrnrrs dr Miidrmnisrllr Mam ( ih., IS;").!), publish, mI by Roger de Henuvoir. MARSALA, miir-sii'li'i. A city in the Prov- ince lit Trapani. Sicily, famous for Marsala wine that is maimfnetured hi're by building up and MARSDEN. strengthening the wines of Sicily (Map: Italy, li 10). Marsala is the westernmost city of the island and is 102 miles by rail southwest of Palermo. It is modern in appearance and the cathedral is the only building of special interest. Marsala has a gjinna-sium, a technical school, an agricultural school, a city library, and a theatre. The exports are wine, salt, grain, and oil. Population (commune), in 1881, 40,342; in 1901, r)7.ri(i7. It is on the site of the ancient Liiyli:i'um. MARSBANKER, MARSHBANKER, etc. (Dutch iiKirnbankrr, scad, apparently from nuns, peddler's pack, or mas, crowd + btiiik, bank; so called because the fish appears in shoals). Old or local names of the menhaden (q.v.). Compare ^lossiu .Ki:i!. MARSCHALL VON BIEBERSTEIN, mar'shil f6n be'ber-stin, Adolf, Freiherr von (1842 — ). A German statesman and diplomat, born in Karlsruhe, anil educated at Heidelberg and Freiburg. He entered the judicial service of Baden, and from 187.5 to 18S.'J was a mem- ber of the Ujiper House of its Parliament. In the Imperial Diet, from 1878 to 1881, he allied himself with the German Conserva- tives. In Baden he made a strong effort to unify Protestant opposition to the Ultranionta- nists; and his activitj' in the Empire was largely in paving the way for social reforms. After four years as Secretary of State for Foreign,Af- fairs, an olfice in which he devoted himself espe- cially to conunercial treaties, he was named Prussian Minister of State in 1894. Upon his retirement in 1897 he was sent as Ambassador to Constantinople. MARSCHNER, marsh'ner, Heinricii ( 1795- 1801). A (icrman composer, born at Zittau. in Saxony. In ISl.'i he entered the I'niversify ol I-eipzig to study law. but soon abainloncd it in favor of music. He met Beethoven in 1817, through the medium of his patron, the Count von -Vmadfe, and in 182.3 shared with Weber the directorship of the German and Italian operas at Dresden. He succeeded Weber as kapellmeister of the Leip- zig Theater, and produced on its stage his popu- lar opera Drr Trmphr mid die Jiidiii (1829), which made him famous throughoit Germany. llcinr'wh IV. und it'Aubiiinc had ap])eared in 1819 (produced by Weber in 1820). and I)<v Vampyr (regarded as his best work) in 1828. Hiscompo.si- tions also include a great number of songs, pianoforte pieces, part songs, and choruses, and considerable chamber music. Other operas, not mentioned above, are: Ilnns llciliiifi (1833), a remarkable work: Hrr Biibu (1837) : Adolph ron
assail (1843): 11 jariir dcr Siinacrl.oniff (1863),
rejjrodueed i.i 1883 as Kiiuig lljninc und das Turfbipsclnrcrt. He was kapellmeister to the King of Hanover (1831-.')0). His nnisie belongs to the romantic school of Weber, whom he great- ly resembled in style, although in a way his ideals leaned toward the style of 'agner. His operas had a great vogue in Germany, and still- remain in the repertoire of most of the pro- vincial theatres. He died in Hanover. MARSDEN, miirz'drn. Samit.l ( 17041S3S). .
l",ngli-h missionary. He was born at Hors-
fortb, near Leeds, .Inly 28. 17fi4: educated a1 the free grannnar school al Hull, and began life as a tradesman at Leeds. He joined the .Methodists, but, desiring to obtain a collegiate education, |
