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MABTIUS. 120 MARTYB. Plaiitarum Cryployuniicdnim (1828-34). He also published a most valuable monograph on palms, Ilistoria yaturali.'i Palmarum (1823-53); Die Pflanzcn und Thiere des tropixchcn Amcrika (1831) ; and Das Xaturcll, die Krankheitcn, das Arztlum und die Heilmittel der Urbetcohner Bra- siliens (1843). MARTLET (probably for 'marlet, *merlet, from OF. mrrlctte, merlolte. diminutive of merle, blackbird, from Lat. mcrula, blackbird). In heraldry (q.v.), a martin without legs or beak. ' MARTOS. A to«Ti of Southern Spain, in the in-ovinoc iif .lai'n, situated anions the mountains 1.5 miles southwest of .Jaen. It is buill on the slope of a steep hill, surmounted by a ruined castle, has mineral batlis and exports excellent olive oil. produced in the surrounding district. Population, in 1!>00, 10,082. MARTYN, miir'tln. Henry (1781-1812). An English missionary. He was born at Trurn, Corn- wall, England, February 18, 1781, of humble origin. In 1797 he entered Saint John's Col- lege, Cambridge, and in 1802 was chosen fellow of his college. After receiving ordination in 1803 he served as curate to the Rev. Charles Simeon (q.v.). In 1805 he sailed for India as chaplain in the East India ('ompany's service, and reached Calcutta in May, 1800; in Sep- tember he rtx'eived his appointment to Dinapore, and soon conducted worship among the na- tives in their own language and established schools for their instruction. In 1809 he was stationed at Cawnpore. While here he trans- lated the New Testament into Hindustani and Persian, the Psalms into Persian, and the Prayer- Book into Hindustani. His unremitting labor and tlic severity of the climate alTccted !iis health, and having perfected himself in the Per- sian language, he deciiled to extend his labors to that country, and took up his residence at Shiraz, where he revised, with the aid of learned natives, his Persian and Arabic translation of the New Testament and held discussions with the native scholars, many of whom were greatly impressed. In view of the effect of his frequent discussions, and of liis being engaged in a trans- lation of the New Testament into Persian, the preceptor oi all the mollahs wrote an .rahic de- fense of Mohammedanism. To this Martyn re- plied in Persian. HI healtli again compelling him to change his plans, lie decided to return to Eng- land, and in September, 1812. set out overland for Constantinople. At Tokat in Asia Jlinor his litter prostration comiielled him to stop, and he died there. October 10, 1812. A monument was erected at Tokat in 1S.'>('«. Besides the trans- lations mentioned he was the author of Contro- versial Tracln on f'hrintinnily and Mohammedan- ism (1824) ; Journals and Lrtlcrs (1837). Con- sult his Life, by G. Smith (London, 1892). MARTYN. Wiu.i.VM Caki.os (1,843—). An American autlior an<l clergyman, born in New York City, and educated at the I'nion Theological Seminary (1809). His first charge was in Saint Louis, and afterwards he held pastorates at Ports- mouth. N. H.. New York City ( 1870-90) . Newark, and Chicago (1892-94). He became director of the Aliliey Press in 1897. I lis writings include: Life of '.lohn Millon (ISO.') I: /.i/i of Martin I.ullier (1.S05); History of I'.niilinli I'uritans (1800); llislor;/ of the lluijurnols (lS07i; The Duteh Hrfnrmation (1807): IHstorij of the PiUjvim fathers (1807); Wendell Phillips, the Agitator (1891), for the "American Reformers Series," of which he was editor: for the same series, William E. Dodge, the Merehant (1892), and John li. llough (1894) ; and Christian Citi- zenship (1S90). MARTYNIA (Neo-Lat., named in honor of John Marlijn, an English l)otanist of the eigh- teenth century ) . A genus of eight or ten species of unpleasant smelling, low, branching annual or thick-slemmeil perennial plants with tulierous roots, belonging to the order liignoniacea", mostly natives of warm countries. By some botanists this genus is referred to the order Pedaliaeea', while others make it the type of the order Jlar- tyniacea-. The leaves are simple, rounded ; flow- ers large, bell-shaped, and somewhat two-lipped; very similar to eatalpa flowers, borne in racemes; the fruit is a pod with a long incurved beak; when ripe it splits into two-hooked horns, open- fefj^:A MAIITVNIA (rXICORN PLANT). ing at the apex. The seeds are numerous, black, with a thick, wrinkled coat. Martynia prohosci- den, unicorn |)lant, which grows on the banks of the ilississippi, in southern Illinois, and south- westward, is cultivated in gardens for its fruit, which, when the pods are yoimg, is used for mak- ing pickles. The leaves of this species are heart- shaped, oblique, entire, the upper alternative; corolla dull white or purple, or spotted with yel- low and purple: endocarp of the fruit crested on one side, long-beaked. Martynia fra grans, from New Jlexico, has violet -purple tlowers, with a rather pleasant odor, somewhat like that of vanilla. MARTYR (AS.. Lat. martyr, from Gk. luip- Tus. martys, fxaprvp, martyr, witness: connected with Lat. mcmor, mindful, Skt. smar. to remeui her). The nanu^ given in ecelesiastieal history to tho.se who, by submitting to death rather than abandon their faith, bore the witness of their blood to its superhuman origin, though the title was not strictly confined to these, but usually extended to those who were condemned to torture, to hard labor in the mines, or to banishment. On the other hand, it was not attributed to those who sought death by self-denunciation or by piblic breaking of the statues of the gods. The eimimon teaching of the Fathers was that martyr- dom, hence called the 'baptism of blood.' sup- plied the place of the ordinary baptism where there was no opportunity to receive the sacra-