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IfABX. 122 Ualle. He studied law and practiced it for a short time, but soon devoted himself exclusively to iiuisie and became editor of the Berlin Allge- meine iJusikalische Zcitung. In 1830 he was made professor of music at the Berlin Uni- versitj', and in 1832 obtained the post of musi- cal director at the university. His works in- clude: Die Lehrc von dcr musikalisclun A'om- positioii (1837-45); Allgcmeine MusiklcUre (1839; 10th ed. 1884); Liiduig vun Ucctlwvcn: Lebcn iind Schuffcn (185!); 4th ed. 1884) ; Gluck und die Oper (18G2) ; and Dus Ideal uiid die Ge- gcnwuit (1SU7). MARX, Karl (1818-83). A famous socialist, usually regardtil as the founder of the modern school" of socialism, born of Jewish parents at Treves, Germany, May 5; 1818, and educated at the univer.-iities of Bonn and Berlin. In 1842 he became editor of the Rheinische Zeiluiuj fiir Polilik, Handel mid (lewerhe, a Liberal organ. Shortlv before the suppression of the paper, in 1843. -Marx withdrew^ from the editorial force and removed to I'aris, where he assisted in editing; the Uciilsch-I'nni;:iisischc Jtihrbiichcr. MarxVeut to Brussels in 1845, where he was associated with Kneels and organized the German Workinfjnien's Association, which later was con- nected with the Communistenbund, for which ho wrote, with Engels, the famous communistic manifesto, which has been regarded as the classic exposition of the communistic movement. The manifesto charges bourgeois society with having destroyed the feudal ties which UniM ni.an to his natural superiors and with having left no other nexus between man and nuin than 'cash payment.' It has brought about a condition in which the productive forces do not further the dcvelo|)ment of bourgeois property, but tlirough commercial crises actually en<laiiger its very existence. X'nder these conditions the wages of workmen tend to the bare minimum necessary for existence and propagation. As the disagreeable- ness of the work increases the pay decreases. The aim of the communists is the formation of the proletariat into a class; the conquest of political power and the overthrow of the ]>resent bour- geois supremacy. Communism forbids no man to appropriate "the products of his labor, but it does deprive him of the power to control the labor of others by virtie of such api)ropriation. To secure these ends the following measures are advocated as generally api>licablc in civilized lands: (1) Abolition of property in land and the application of all rents to public purposes; (2) a progressive income tax; (3) abolition of all rights of inlieritance: (4) confiscation of all propertv of emigrants and rebels: (5) centraliza- tion of credit in the bands of the Stifte by means of a national bank with State eai>ilal and an exclusive monopoly; ((>) nationalization of means of cr>n iunieatinn and transportation: (7) extension of produrtive interprises by the State, (he reclamation of waste land and general im- provement of the soil: (8) compulsory labor with cslalilisbmi'nt of industrial armies especially for ngriciilture: (0) combination of agriculture with nuinufacturing. the elimination of distinction be- tween town and country by more even dislrilm- tion of the population": (10) free education in piblic schools ;iTid abolition of chilil labor in factories. In 1847 Marx wrote a reply to Proud- hon's Philnnophir dr In misirc under the title Mis^rc de la philosophic. MABX. In 1848 Marx returned to Cologne and started the .Yei/e Jlheinischc Zcilung, but because of his revolutionary activity he was ordered to leave Germany in May, 1849. He went to Paris, but later in the year was forced to leave that city and moved to London, which was henceforth his liomc. He became a newspaper correspondent, writing for the Sew York Tribune, rutminrs Monthly, and other papers, a number of his articles subsequently being published in pam- phlet form. Among these are "Der 18te Bru- maire des Louis Bonaparte" (1852); "The Life of Palmerston" (1850); '-Pahnerston and Po- land" (1853). The results of his studies of Knglish conditions and economic works are first seen in his Kiitik dcr jwlitischen Oehoiiomie, which appeared in 1809 and contained the es- sence of the principles elaborated in his subse- quent work. Das KapiUtl. In 18(i4 JIarx at last found the opportunity of realizing a plan he had long contemplated: that of organizing the laborers of the civilizeil world into a great association. On September 28 there was a great meeting in Saint ilartin's Hall, to which Marx outlined his scheme of an 'Interna- tional Workingmen's Association.' During the.se years Jlarx was also greatly interested in the developments in Germany, and assisted Lieb- knecht and his associates in establishing the Social Democratic Labor Party in 1809. In 1807 appeared the first volume of Dtis Knpital (Eng- lish translation, 4th edition, from the 3d (lerman edition, London. 1891). The second volume was completed bv Engels and published in 1SS5. The stvle is rather heavy, and the analysis is at times so detailed that it is hard to follow. The fundamental ideas are, however, simple when once the terminolog}' is mastered. Marx seeks to discover tKe economic law that governs so- ciety. JModern social development is nuide i)os- sible only l)y capital; it has reached its highest point aiid must necessarily be followed by an- other system. jModern capitalism exploits the laborer" by getting possession of the 'surplus value' of "bis services, i.e. tlic amount produci.l by him over and above the amount of his wages, which are regulated by the 'iron law' and tend therefore to a minimum. The basis of the ex- change value of a community is the amount of Labor expended on it. In the hmg run this means the average amount of labor ex))ended under aver- age conditions. Bvit modern labor re(iuires ca])ital. ^7arx traces the historic dcvclojiment of capital and shows the tendency for the inslruments of labor to concentrate in fewer ami fewer hands. Thus arises the capitalistic class. Meantime de- velops also a class who have only their labor to sell, the proletariat. The first is the consum- ing, the second the producing class. The growth of capitalism reduces the number of capitalists and increases the poverty and misery of the work- ing classes, but also .sen-es to bring them to self- consciousness. The proletariat will finally or- ganize and the means of pro<liction will be seizt'd and managed for the good of all. Marx out- lined no ideal future condition. He tried to show what he believed to he the course of his- torical development and sought to bring about the next step, the organization of all laborers for their common good. Marx died in London, March 14, ISS.t. For a convenient digest of Das Knpil'tl. consult Aveling. The fHudrnt'.i Mara (London. 1892). Sec Communism; Socialism;