MATJBY. 204 mausoleum:. the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly he left Kianoe in IT'.U. and at the invitation of Pius VI. look up his residence in Rome, where he was received with great honor. In 17114 he was made Archbishop of Nicira in imrlibiix. nuncio to the Diet at Frankfort. Cardinal, and Bishop of ^Monte- fiascone. On the invasion of Italy l>y the Frencli in 1798 he tied in disguise to Venice, and thence to Saint Peterslnirg. Returning in 17!l!l, he was ap- pointed by the Count of Provence, afterwards Louis XVI 11., his ambassador to the Holy See. liecoming reconciled to Xapoleon, he returned to France in 1806. In 1810 he was appointed Archliishop of Paris, and his refusal to abdicate this oflice at the command of Pius VII. cost him a short imprisonment at Home after the Restora- tion. Maury publislied a treatise entitled Essai sur Vrlijqui/iur (le la cliairc (1810). MATJBY, mou're, Juan ilAnfA (1772-1845). A Spanish jioet, born at Malaga. He studied abroad, both in France and England, and oil his return to Spain took part in the War of the French Occupation. He was a supporter of .loseph Bonaparte, and was afterwards exiled and died in Paris. His works include: La agresion briuinica (1800); L'Esixtf/ne poctiquc (1826-27): and Esvcro y Ahitrtlora. a poem in twelve cantos. His complete works were pub- lished as the Poesias caslellaiuiti (1845). MAURY, niA're', Louis Ferdinand Alfred (I817-!>2). A French scholar and arcluecdogist, born at ileaux. Seine-et-Marne. In 1860 he was made librarian at the Tuileries. He was appointed professor of history and morality at the College of France in 1862, and was general director of the archives from 1868 until 1888, when he re- tired. He assisted Xapoleon III. in his Ilistoirc de Jules Cesar, and ]iul)lislied himself Essai sill- ies leflcndrs jiiiuses du iiioi/cn age (184.'5) ; Les ffes du mojien dye. reeherches sur Icur origine (1843): Hisloire des religions de la Grice an- tique (1857-5H): and Croyances et Ugendes de I'antiquite (1863). MAU'RY. .Matthew Fontaine (1806-73). .
.
ierican naval ollicer and hydrographer. born in Spottsylvania County. Va. He studied at the Harpeth .Academy in Tennessee until 1823, when he was appointed midshipnuin in the navy and the next year was an ollicer on the ^'ineetnles during her voyage aroiind the world. In 1830 he sustained a fracture of the leg which made him a crip]d<' for life. This accident led to his being appointed to the Xaval Observatory and Ilydrographic Ollice in Washington, where he made a study of old ships' logs, the result of which was a series of Wind and Current Charts that were of incalcnlalde benefit to navigators. Here also lie ]ire]iared his Pliysieal Oeograidig of the Sea and Us Meteorologij (1855)." In 1853 he was promoted to the rank of commander, but nt the outbreak of the Civil War he olTered his services to the Confederacy. In 1862 he went on a mission to Kiirope, where he remained until the conelusinii of peace, when he went to Mexico and was appointed commissioner of emigration by the Fmiieror Maximilian. Upon the overthrow of the Imperial rC'ginie, Maury returned to the United Stales and became jirofessor of physics nt the Virginia Military Institute. .Among his publications not previouslv mentioned are I^el- ters on the Ama'im and the .itianlie Slnprs of South Anicrira (1853) and Lames for Steamers Crossing the Atlantic (1854). Consult Corbin, Life of Mattheic Fontaine Maury (London, 1888). MAUSER, mou'zer, Paul (1838—). A Ger- man invcntnr. He was born at Oberndorf, Wiirt- temberg, where he received his early education. Together with his brother, Wilhelm Mauser (1834-82), he secured employment in the arsenal factory of iiis native town. He appears to have been chiefly responsible for the joint inventions of the two brothers. It was he who, in 1870, in- vented the Mauser revolver, and in 1882, in con- junction with his brother, he succeeded in securing the adojjtion by the Servian Govern- ment of an improved rille known as the 'Mau- ser, 1882.' He is principally known, however, for his invention of the Mauser magazine ritle, and a magazine revolver. (See Sm.ll .Arms.) His weapon was distinguished for its low trajec- tory, and the projectile which it fired for it» penetrative power. In 1808 he was elected a mcMilicr cif tile Reichstag. MAUSER GUN". A rifle invented by Mauser ( <.Y. ) . See .S.MALL Arms. MAU'SOLE'UM (Lat., from Gk. /lavaoileiov, mausolrion. from ilaicuAoc, ilausOlos) . A sep- ( ulchral monument of large size, containing a chamber in which urns or coffins are deposited. The name is derived fiom the tomb erected at Halicarnassus to Mausolus, King of Caria, by his widow, .Artemisia. The work is said to Iiave been begun by Jlausolus (B.C. 353), and to have been com]detcd by the artists after the death of .Artemisia (c.350 B.C.). It was one of the most magnificent monuments of the kind, and was esteemed one of the seven wonders of the world. The architects were Satyrus and Pythius or Pythis, and it is .said that Scopa>, Bryaxis, Timotheus (or, according to Vitruvius, Praxiteles), and Leochares were employed on the sculpture. It was described by Pliny, and is mentioned by medi.Tval writers, as late as the twelfth century, in a manner that seems to im]ily it was still uninjured. The upper jiart was over- thrown, probably liy an earthquake, in the course of the following two centuries; for wdien the Knights of Saint .lohn of .lerusalem, in 1402, took possession of the site of Halicarnassus, they used the ruins as a quarry in building their castle. The interior was still undisturbed, for in 1.522, when rejiairing the cattle and excavating among the ruins for building materials, the knights discovered a large chamber decm-ated with colored marbles, reliefs, and columns. These were all destroyed to furnish lime. An inner chamber contained a white marble sarcophagus. Fragments of the frieze were used to decorate the castle walls, and in 1840 these were obtained by Sir Stratford Canning for the British Mu- seum, In 1856-58 excavations condiicled for the British Government by Charles T. Xewton led to the iliscovery of the lost site and the reciiv- ery of many fragments of arcliitecture and sculp- ture. The foundations and fragments, combined with Pliny's rather inadi'quate notice, have led to several attcnijits to reconstruct the monument, but without any very conclusive result. It is probable that the Mausoleum consisted of a infty base or podium, on which stood n chamher siir- roun<led by an Ionic colonnade (the pternn) ; this was surmounted by a pyramid of 24 steps, on the truncated apex of which was a marble
