| 1900 | 1890 | 1880 | 1870 | 1860 | 1850 | |
| Capital[1] | 9,835 | 6,523 | 2,790 | 2,118 | 1,009 | 533 |
| Total wages[1] | 2,328 | 1,891 | 947 | 775 | 378 | 236 |
| Cost of materials[1] | 7,348 | 5,162 | 3,396 | 2,488 | 1,031 | 555 |
| Value of products[1] | 13,014 | 9,372 | 5,369 | 4,232 | 1,885 | 1,019 |
| Average number of wage-earners | 5,316,802 | 4,251,613 | 2,732,595 | 2,053,996 | 1,311,246 | 957,059 |
| Per cent. of increase | |||||
| 1890-1900 | 1880-1890 | 1870-1880 | 1860-1870 | 1850-1860 | |
| Capital | 50.7 | 133.9 | 31.7 | 109.8 | 89.4 |
| Total wages | 23.1 | 99.5 | 22.2 | 104.7 | 60.0 |
| Cost of materials | 42.3 | 52.0 | 36.5 | 141.2 | 85.8 |
| Value of products | 38.9 | 74.5 | 26.9 | 124.4 | 85.1 |
| Average number of wage-earners | 25.1 | 55.6 | 33.0 | 56.6 | 37.0 |
In estimating the economic significance of the development of manufactures as shown in the above table, it will be necessary to make allowance for the fact that a considerable number of operations are now carried on as manufactures which formerly were a part of household industry. The increase in the net product of manufactures above cost of material is not wholly a net increase in national income, although the greater part may be so regarded. It is further to be kept in mind that the statistics of capital are based upon estimates which in the nature of the case are not very reliable.
The following table, taken from the Twelfth Census, Manufactures, part i., shows the rank of the various States and Territories in gross value of manufactures:
| New York | $2,175,726,900 |
| Pennsylvania | 1,834,790,860 |
| Illinois | 1,259,730,168 |
| Massachusetts | 1,035,198,989 |
| Ohio | 832,438,113 |
| New Jersey | 611,748,933 |
| Missouri | 385,492,784 |
| Indiana | 378,120,140 |
| Wisconsin | 360,818,942 |
| Michigan | 356,944,082 |
| Connecticut | 352,824,106 |
| California | 302,874,761 |
| Minnesota | 262,665,881 |
| Maryland | 242,552,990 |
| Rhode Island | 184,074,378 |
| Kansas | 172,129,398 |
| Iowa | 164,617,877 |
| Kentucky | 154,166,365 |
| Nebraska | 143,990,102 |
| Virginia | 132,172,910 |
| Maine | 127,361,485 |
| Louisiana | 121,181,683 |
| Texas | 119,414,982 |
| New Hampshire | 118,709,308 |
| Tennessee | 108,144,565 |
| Georgia | 106,654,527 |
| Colorado | 102,830,137 |
| North Carolina | 94,919,663 |
| Washington | 86,795,051 |
| Alabama | 80,741,449 |
| West Virginia | 74,838,330 |
| South Carolina | 58,748,731 |
| Vermont | 57,623,815 |
| Montana | 57,075,824 |
| District of Columbia | 47,667,622 |
| Oregon | 46,000,587 |
| Delaware | 45,387,630 |
| Arkansas | 45,197,731 |
| Mississippi | 40,431,386 |
| Florida | 36,810,243 |
| Arizona | 21,315,189 |
| Utah | 21,156,183 |
| South Dakota | 12,231,239 |
| North Dakota | 9,183,114 |
| Oklahoma | 7,083,938 |
| New Mexico | 5,605,795 |
| Wyoming | 4,301,240 |
| Idaho | 4,020,532 |
| Nevada | 1,643,675 |
The four States New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Massachusetts produce nearly one-half the manufactures of the United States. The greatest concentration of manufacturing industry is in southern New England and New York and eastern Pennsylvania. But there appears to be a general tendency toward extension of the area of manufactures.
The United States occupies at present the foremost rank as a manufacturing nation. The successive stages by which it has reached this position are illustrated by the following table, taken from the Twelfth Census, Manufactures, part i. (Mulhall's estimates):
Annual Value of Manufactures.
| 1820 | 1840 | 1880 | 1894 | |
| United Kingdom | $1,411,000,000 | $1,833,000,000 | $2,808,000,000 | $4,263,000,000 |
| France | 1,168,000,000 | 1,606,000,000 | 2,092,000,000 | 2,900,000,000 |
| Germany | 900,000,000 | 1,484,000,000 | 1,995,000,000 | 3,357,000,000 |
| Austria | 511,000,000 | 852,000,000 | 1,129,000,000 | 1,596,000,000 |
| United States | 268,000,000 | 467,000,000 | 1,907,000,000 | 9,498,000,000 |
| Other States | 1,654,000,000 | 2,516,000,000 | 3,455,000,000 | 5,236,000,000 |
Bibliography. For the rise of manufactures in England, consult: Cunningham, Growth of English Industry (Cambridge, 1890-92), and Ashley, Economic History (London, 1888-93). For the growth of manufactures in America, consult: Wright, Industrial Evolution of the United States (New York, 1897), and Wells, Recent Economic Changes (New York, 1898). Consult also the several censuses of the United States, particularly the Twelfth Census, and Mulhall's Dictionary of Statistics (London, 1899), article “Manufactures.” See the separate articles on the various manufacturing industries, such as Cotton; Iron and Steel; Wool; etc., which contain an historical sketch and statistics for each industry.
MANUL, mä′nụl (Malay word). A small wild cat (Felis manul) of Tibet and Siberia, which has very long, soft, and abundant hair. It
