Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/524

MIGNOT. 4T2 MIGRATION. "Snow in Hyde raik;" "Sunset off Hastings" (1870); and'Mount Chimborazo" (1871). MIGRAINE, nii-gran' (OF., Fr. migraine, frcini Lat. Iicmivnntioii, from Ok. i/iunpavia. hciiii- l.raiiia, pain in one side of the head, from ///x/-, hfmi; half + nimviuv, kmnion, head), Megrim, 11emicr. ia, .Sick Headache. A paroxysmal af- fection characterized tiy severe headache, usually one-sided and often associated with disorders of vision. It is sometimes hereditary. Women are the chief sutTerers. Mife'iaine is often associated with gout, rheumatism, decayed teeth, eye strain, and uterine disorders. It is often due to rellex causes, such as powerful emotions, mental and bodily fatigue, disorders of digestion, and the like. " There are often i)remonitory signs of an attack. There may he spasms of the pupil of the eve on the affected side; or the sight may he blurred or there seem to be balls of light or zig- zag lines, or gorgeous colors. The tongue, face, and hand may experience numbness or tingling. There is sometimes dizziness. The headache is generally located on the temple, or in the fore- head or' in the eyeball; it is penetrating, sliarp, and boring in character. It spreads gradually over the side of tlic head, sometimes extending to the Beck and even to the arm. The face may then be pale and there may be a marked differ- ence between the two sides. Nausea or vomiting appears very early in the attack. Few affections are more prostrating than migraine. The attack endures for a varial)le time; the sufferer is usual- ly incapacitated for about three days. Those subject to migraine should avoid excitement ; there should be regular meals and the diet should be moderate. Ilydrotlicrapy and out-ofdoor life are important adjuvants. ' The physician will direct the treatment toward the removal of the conditions upon which the attacks depend. The eyes should be examined for possible errors of refraction or lieterophoria. either of which maybe the underlving cause of migraine, .moiig drugs the bromides, iron, arsenic, nitroglycerin, can- nabis indica. quinine, chloroform, aiitipyrine, caffein. nux vomica, and ergot may be employed according to the cause which produces the mi- graine. None of these drugs should be used except upon a physician's advice. Dangerous symptoms of collapse have been known to follow the use of jilunaeetin. K.lectricity has been found lieli)ful. During the paroxysm the sufferer should remain f)uiet in IkmI in a dark room. See Hea»- ACIIE. MIGRATION (Lat. mitimlio. from migrarc, to migrate). The movement of peoples, with all their household, from one place to an- other, usually, though not necessarily, for the purpose of settlement, fleneral movements of ]iopulation were no doubt common in prehistoric times. an<l in the historic period there have been several notable migrations that have largely af- fected the history of civilization. Students of African ethnology have traced migrations among the negro tribes of that continent that are of importance to the ethnographer: and a more complete knowledge of the ethnology- and pre- historic areliieology of .Vmeriea will probably make it possible to" trace such migration.^ among the American tribes, and perhaps will throw some light upon their origin. But the histor- ically important migrations are those that have taken place in the Eurasian continent. The ARVAX.S. The accepted hypothesis until very recently has been that the so-called Aryan or 'indo-European family — embracing the Celts, Teutons, Greeks, Latins, Slavs, Letts, and Indo- Iranians — originated in the Pamir region of Cen- tral Asia, whence the last-named group moved into India and the Iranian Plateau, while the remaining groups migrated westward into Eu- rope, the Celts leading the way and advancing to the western contines of the continent, the Teu- tons settling about the Baltic, the Greeks and Latins finding their way to the Mediterranean, the Letts to the Baltic Provinces and Lithuania, and the Slavs makin" their home in the great region of steppes and rivers .southeast of the Letts. Later investigation of the renuiins of primitive man in Europe, together with a close comparative study of the Aryan tongues, has cast grave doubt upon this thcoin', and made it seem altogether possil)le that there never was an undivided Aryan family, and that the European Aryan groups' originated very near their present habitats: that perliai)s the Baltic was the origi- nal centre of diffusion of European races, and that the Gra-co-Latins migrated southward to the Mediterranean and the Indo-lranians southeast into -Asia. Another hypothesis locates the origi- nal .ryan home in the steppes of Southeastern Europe, whence it is supposed that at a very early period the Indo-lranians moved southeast- ward and the European groups northwest and southwestward. See Aryans; iNUO-tiERMANic Languages. The Germans and Huns. The migrations of the Teutonic or Germanic tribes, during the years of decline of the Roman Emiiire. had a pro- 'found influence npon the social and |iolitic.al de- velopment of Europe, anil are known ])ieeminent- ly as -the migrations' ( Vijlkcrwanderung) . The Germans, in the centuries following the period when Tacitus gave his lucid and generally cor- rect account of them in the (Icrmnnin. were en- gaged in intertribal strife, which resulted in the loss of identity of several of the weaker tribes, the remnants of which were merged in the new confederacies — (Joths, Vandals. Alemanni. Franks ((iq.v.), and Burgundians. In the fourth cen- tury a.d. the Goths were spread over the country north of the Danube. There came upon them from Asia a great migratory wave of the nomadic Huns (q.v.), an aggregation of Turko- Tatar tribes, whose ancestors had held the Chinese Empire in temporary subjection. The Goths were unable to resist this inroad of over- whelming numbers, and a part of them, the Visi- goths, who were nearest the llaiuibe. threw them- selves on the merev of the Emiieror 'alens and crossed the river in 370. Soon after, owing to ill-treatment at the hands of Roman officials, they revolted against the Empire, defeated the Roman army in a battle under the walls of Adrianoplo (a.d. .378). in which 'alens was killed, and then moved westward under their King. .Marie (q.v.), into the valley of the Po. The forces of the Western Empire under the Vandal Stilieho cheeked their progress temporarily an<l drove them back into Pannoiiia : but after the murder of Stilieho in 40S they returned to Italy and cap- tured Rome (4101, soon after which .Marie died. His followers, at first in the service of the Em- pire, afterwards on their own account, went into Southern Gaul and Spain, and there founded the Visigothic kingdom, the Gallic |iart of which