Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/530

MIGUEL. 478 MIKLOSICH. He was brought up in lirazil, and went to Por- tugal in 1821 with very little education, a debauchee, and a superstitious bigot. He put himself at the head of the reactionary party, and plotted the overthrow of liis father and of constitutional government. In 1824 he caused lii.s father to be closely guarded, arrested the ministers, and sought to overthrow the Govern- ment, but failed, and was sent into lianishment. In 1S2U his brother Doni Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, succeeded to the throne. He relimiuished the crown of Portugal to his j-oung daughter, Dona JIaria da Gloria, and betrothed her to her uncle iliguel, who was made regent. Dom Miguel in 1828 usurped the throne, abolished the Constitution, and introduced a reign of terror. Dom Pedro, who had been forced to abdicate the throne of Brazil in 1831. placed himself in 18.J2 at the head of an expeditionary force, which had been collected by the op|)onents of Dom Jliguel. and inocccded to dethrone the usurper. He entered Oporto in July, and a year later, after the defeat of Dom Miguel's fleet, was in possession of Lisbon. England and France inter- vened, and Dom Migiiel wa.s forced to give up all claims to the crown (1834). He died at Brombach, in Baden. To the common esti- mate of Dom Miguel's character excejilion is taken by Cardinal llergenriitlier. in the Ihind- htich der allfieiin'iiK'n Kirchcnycschichte (ISSli), vol. iii.. p. 847 fT., where he is spoken of as a jiolile prince who jjossessed the affection of his subjects. MIHRAB, mi-r-lb'. See Kiblah. MIKADO, m^-ka'dft (Jap.. Exalted Gate). Formerly the popular and oflicial title of the Emperor of Japan, occurring in poetry and his- tory throughout the whole range of .Japanese lit- erature. "Ihougli comparatively obsolete in the Japan of the twentieth century, the word has found a fixed and honored jdace in the English language and literature. The dynasty of the mikados is probably the oldest in the world, the present ruler, Mutsnhito (q.v.), being reckoned by some authors the 12.'!d of the Imperial line, the lirst being .linmui-Tenno, who in the ollicial chronology- liegan to reign n.c. (ibO. Descent is claimed from the gods that created heaven and earth. The origin of the line is lost in mythol- ogj-, and there is little or no historical founda- tion for it before the fourth century. The first seventeen mikados, n.c. (iOO to a.d. 399, are said to have died at ages ranging from 100 to 141 years. The average reign in the whole line is twenty years. Each mikado has a personal name, but no family name, nor is the name of a mikado ever repeated. Each has also a posthu- mous title, by which lie is known in history. Seven of the mikados were women. The mikado'.s person is sacred and inviolable, and he is the fountain of nil authority and the centre of all government and history. MIKA'NIA (Xeo-T.at.. named in honor of .1. C. .likan. a Hohemian botanist of the nine- teenth century). A genus of plants of the nat- ural order Coinpositir, nearly allied to Eupa- torium (q.v.). 'I'he heads arc four-flowered, and Imve four involucral scales. Mikfinin o/)i<iiiiili.i is a Brazilian species, with erect stem, and heart- shaped leaves. at)Ouniling in a bitter principle and an aromatic oil, reputed useful in medicine. Mikania amara and Mikania cordifotia (twining herbs), also natives of the warm parts of South America, are among the plants which have acquired a high reputation — deserved or undeserved — for the cure of snake bites. The former is remarkable for the large indigo-blue spots on the imder side of its ovate leaves. ilikania scandeiDs, sometimes called climbing hempweed, is a native of the United States, grow- ing in moist soils from Xew England to Texas. MIKHAILOFF - SHELLER, nie'Ka yil'df- sllel'ler. ALEXAXDEH. ^^■l■ SllEI.LEU, Alexaxueb MiKiiAu.oM rcii. MIKHAILO VSKI, me'Ka-yll^f'skS, Xikolai- oviTCii (1820-05). A Kussian journalist and novelist, born in the Ural iloiuitains. He was educated in Saint Petersburg, and began his lit- erary work with translations, ehielly from Heine. These were collected in one volume (18.58), and his articles for the Sovrciinnenik {Vontem- purarii) and other journals, as well as his stories, notably Adam Adanwvitch (1851), were published in two volumes in 18.59. He shared the dreams of the revolutionists of his own country, and in 18(15 was exiled to Siberia, where he died. MIKHAILOVSKI, me'Ka-yll-of'skf , Nikolai KoxsiA.NTiNoMTi II (1842—). A Kussian critic. He Iranshited Byron into Russian, but it was his critical work on the famous Annuls of the I'uther- land, with which he was eonnecte<l from 1808 to its suppression in 1884. that made him famous. For it he wrote literary notes regularly, begin- ning in 1872, and many scientific papers, on Dar- winism, socialism, positivism, and the systems of Spencer and Mill. Best known is the monograph ou The True Xatttrc of Progress (translated into French by Louis, Qu'est-ce que le progresf 1879). His style is brilliant. MlkHAiLOVSKII-DANiLEVSKil, me'Ka- yil-ol'-kc ila'nf-lyel'>ki-. Alexandeu Ivanovitch (1790-1848). A Kussian soldier and historian. He took part in the war with France (1812-13) as KutusolT's aide-de-cami). and was head Chan- cellor of Wolkonski in 1813-14. In the war with Turkey (1829) he serveil as major-general, was promoted to be lieutenant-general in 1835. and was a member of the war council and Senator in 1839. He wrote a History of the Turkish War of lSOO-12 (1843), besides accounts of his experi- ences in the campaigns of 1812-13 ( 1834), and of 1814-15 (1849-501. His collected works were published (1849-50) in seven volumes. They are marked by a freedom of style and a patriotic sentiment that sonu'times verged into inaccu- racies. MIKLOSICH, mlk'l.'.-sluch, Franz vox (1813- 91). A Slavic philolotrist. He was born in Lut- tenberg. Styria. studied law at (Jratz. and settled to practice in 'ienna in 1838. He became inter- ested in Slavic philology', and first attracted at- tention by his review of Bopp's Comparative (irammar in 1844. Henceforth he devoted him- self to philologv', and until his death his produc- tivity was enormous. In 1844 he obtained a posi- tion in the Imperial Library, and in 1850 was ma<le (irofessor of Slavic phihdogA- in the Uni- versity of Vienna, retaining his |)ost until 1886. His scientific career is remarkable for profundity of resi'areh. He is the founder of modern Slavic philology. Aside from numerous articles on spe- i-ial [xjints of phonetics, syntax, archnpology, etc., the most important of his works are: Verglei-