Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/535

MILAN. 481 MILAN I. was aidod liy the i<//i((A.wns. The Kinperor ill 1037 gave his allies the full iiiiierilaine of their feuilal holdings, for whieli they had been struggling; Ariliert was overllirown, but the sudden death of Conrad in 1030 put an end for a time to the eoiithet. Henry III. (1030-.5<i) ruled the whole Empire ( Italy iiieluded ) with a firm hand, but during his reign the forees developed which resulted in the great eonlliet of the I'ataria after his death. According to the Ambrosian rules priests were permitted to marry, but llilde- brand (later I'ope Gregory VII.), wliose influ- ence at Kome began about 104."), urged the sup- pression of this, and also sought to connect the Church of Milan more closely with that of Rome. He was aided in this attempt by the lower classes of the populace, who were known as patarini. i.e. ragamullins, and were in reality infected with the Xlanichean heresy. Opposed to this whole movement was the Archbishop and his ])arty. supporteil bv the Empire, which, under Henry IV. ilOjO-ilO(i). was also at war with the Papacy. The conflict was violent, and in 1060 the Archbishop (Juido himself was assassinated. The struggle terminated with a compromise, by which marriage of priests was forbidden for the future, but those who were married might retain their wives. The independent position of the archbishops, however, was gone forever, and the way was clear for the establishment of a repub- lican commune, especially as a very powerful ar- tisan class had gradually developed. The city was ruled by consuls elected by the three orders, and it rapidly acquired a hegemony over the other Lombainl cities. When, however, Frederick Barbarossa became Emperor, he pro- ceeded to reestablish the old Imperial power in Italy, and in 1153 began active warfare against Milan. Twice the city was compelled to submit, in 1158 and 1 1(i2, and the last time it was razed to the ground. The cities of Xorthern Italy, which at first had been glad to witness the destruction of a rival, now, however, saw their own danger, and hastened to the assistance of llilan tiniler the leadership of Pope Alexander III. (1159-81 ) . The Lombard League was formed against the Emperor, and in 1176 Frederick was defeated at Legnano, and in 1183 by the Peace of Constance recognized the independence of Milan and the other cities of Lonibardy. .ffer these foreign dangers were aviTted, intestine strife again broke out between the three parties: between the crcdrmii dri con- soli, a council of 400 members, named by the great nobility; the motfn, a council of 100. named by the valvafisores ; and the rredenza di Sant' Amhrofiio, a council of 300, named by the popu- lace. Wearied by these continuous quarrels, the <'itizens began to call in foreigners to rule and mediate, thus giving rise to the office of the podmlu. The first one was llierto Visconti, who was chosen in 1186, and ruled for a year. He had several successors. In 1220 the Lombard League was renewed to prevent the aggressions of Fred- erick II., who was finally defeated in 1237 at the battle of Cortenuova. In the thirteenth century Milan gradually lost its republican liberties. In 1250 the Giielph leader Martino della Torre lieaded the citizens in a struggle against the Ohibelline nobles, and assumed the lordshij) of the city. But in 1277 a revolution was effected by the Cliibel- lines under the Archbishop Ottone Visconti, who in turn became the ruler of the citv, and in 1205 the power descended to his nephew Matteo Visconti. From that time the Visc-onti (q.v.) ruled Milan almost continuously until 1447. L nder their su- premacy was not only Milan, but the whole of Lonibardy ; the arts were fostered and prosj)erity was genenil. In 1305 the Emi)eror Weneeslas granted Cian Galeazzo Visconti the title of Duke of .Milan. The last of the Visconti, Filippo Maria (1412-47), was succeeded in 1450 by his son-in-law, the celebrated condottiere Francesco Sforza (q.v.). The Sforzas were the typical princes of the Renaissance, patrons of art and learning, but at the same time guilty of the great- est cruelties. Milan became involved in the many Italian wars of the period, and finally, in 1494, Ludovico .Sforza called in the French. From this time on the history of ililan as such has little in- terest. Louis XII. of France, as a descendant of the Visconti. claimed Jlilan, and the city and duchy for a wliile changed hands repeatedly Ije- tween the French and the Sforzas, the latter being supported by Spain. In 1535 the last of the male line of the Sforzas died, and Milan became a Span- ish possession. In 1 7 13 the Peace of Utrecht, which ended the War of the Spanish Succession, gave Lombardy to Austria. In 1797 Milan be- 'came the capital of the Cisalpine Republic, founded by Xapoleon, and in 1805 the capital of the Xapoleonic Kingdom of Italy. The Con- gress of Vienna in 1815 gave Lombardy back to Austria, and Milan shared with the rest of the Hapsburg possessions the oppressions of the iletternich regime. On March 18, 1848, the in- habitants rose in insurrection, and on March 23d General Radetzky was compelled to evacuate the city, which was occupied by the Sardinian forces. On August 0th, however, Radetzkv reentered Milan. The riots of March, 1849, and Feb- ruary 6, 1853, were vigorously suppressed by the Austrian connnanders. In 1859, after the battle of .Magenta, the .ustrians evacuated the city, which was handed over to Xapoleon, who sur- rendered it to Sardinia with the rest of Lom- bardy. In May, 1898, it was the scene of serious bread riots. Bibliography. Schwarz, Mailands Lage und Bedeutung als HandeUstadt (Cologne, 1890) ; Shaw, Municipal Government in Continental Europe (Xew York, 1895): Beltrami, lieminis- cenre di storia e d'arte nella citta di Milano (ililan, 1891-92) : and for the history: Sismondi, Histoirc des rcpiMi(iues itnlicnnex du moi/en age (Paris, 1840) ; Cusani, Storia di Milano (Milan, 1862-67) : De Castro. Milano c la republica cisal- pina (ib., 1880) ; Bonfadini. Milano nei suoi monnmenii storici (ib., 1883-80) : id., Le origini del comiine di Milano (ib., 1890) : and Holtz- mann, Mailand, ein Gang dtirch die Stadt und ihrc Gcachichte (Leipzig. 1899). MILAN. town and the county-seat of Sulli- van County, Mo., 105 miles west by north of Quincy, III.; at the junction of the Chicago, Bur- lington and Kansas City and the Quincy. Omaha and Kansas City railroads (Xlaii; ilissouri. CI). It is in a farming and stock-raising region, which has some mineral deposits, particularly of coal. The principal industrial establishments are flour and lumber mills, and shops of the Quincy, Omaha and Kansas City Railroad. Milan being a division point on that road. Population, in 1890, 1234; in 1900. 1757. MILAN I., OBRE^'OV^T^H. 'I'hni-nr.'vich (1854- 1901). Prince of Servia from 1868 to 1882, and