MILLET. 516 MILLIGAN.
- 'Death and the Wood-Cutter;" "Feedin-; ITor
Bird" (La becquee, ISUO), in the Lille Jluscuni; and others, all produced while he was hampered by illness and debts. In IStiO he bound himself by contract to give all his work for three years for lOOU francs a month, but the contract was dis- solved in six months. To this period bclonj; "The Sheep Shearing" (1800); "Woman Feeding Child;" "The Sheep Shearer:" "Waiting" (all in 1861) ; "Potato Planters" (1SG2) ; "The Wool Carder" (1803); and "The Man with the Hoe" (1863). F>om 1800 his re|)utation was regarded as established, and after 1863 he no longer suf- fered want. In 186-1 he exhibited "The Shepherd- ess" and "Pea.sants Bringing Home a Calf;" in 1865 he produced some decorative work. At the Paris Exposition of 1867 he received a medal of the first class, and in 1868 the ribbon of the Legion of Honor. Driven from Harbison by the Franco-Prussian War, Millet repaired to Cher- bourg and did not return until late in 1871. He was deeply allected by the death, in 1867, of his friend Kousseau, with wliom. of all others, he was most intimate. Although the state of his health, which had been failing for some time, curtailed the hours of work, he continued to paint until December, 1874, when fever set in and he died on January 20, 1875. He was one of the artists selected bv' the Gov- ernment to decorate the Pantheon, but did not lire to complete the commission. A niimber ot important works have been acquired bj- .Ameri- cans, among which are: "The Sower" and the "Water Carrier" (Vanderbilt Collection, New York); "The Grafter" (William Rockefeller); "The Turkey-Keeper" (C. A. Dana. Xew York) ; "The Buckwheat Threshers" and the "Planters" (Quincy Shaw Collection, Boston) : "The Churn- er" ( F. L. Ames, Boston) ; "Potato Harvest" and "Breaking the Flax" (Walters Collection. Balti- more). Millefs paintings began to increase in value before his death, but his family, being left in straitened circumstances, was pensioned by the Government, His principal pictures have been etched and engraved. It was the master's custom to j)aint from memory, without using models, and lo this is i)artially due the simplicity and breadth with which he treated his subjects. Equally famous with Millet's paintings are many of his drawings, such as his own portrait (1848) : "Woman Feeding Chickens;" "Shepherd with Flock;" "The Xew-Born Lamb;" "Laun- dresses on the Shore;" "First Steps." His pastels, too, are equally prized; good examples are the "Vine Dresser Resting" and "Woman Churning." All show a good draughtsman, with a fine feeling for form. His color is sad in tone, pray and brown usually |)revailing: and he achieved harmony by a masterly treatment of light and atmosphere. The landscape background and the animals of his paintings are the eqials of those done by the greatest specialists in these branches. Among the best of his pure land- scapes are "Church of (Jreville." "Spring," and "Winter," the first two in the l.nuvre. He was also an etcher of great power, as is evident from hi^ thirteen original plates of subjects of |)easnnt life, as well ns from a number of others after his paintings. IHs designs for woodcuts, gener- ally carried out by his two brothers, show great originality, being executed in bold, coar.sc out- lines, more like tho.se of the old German masters than nineteenth centurj- etchings. Monuments to Millet have been erected in Cherbourg and Gruchy, and a bronze plaque attaclied to a rock at the entrance to the forest of Fontainebleau is dedicated to him and Rousseau. BiULlouR.PHY. The best and most complete work on Millet is by his friend Sensier, La vie et rix'uvrc de Jean Francois Millet (Paris, 1881; abridged English translation, Boston, 1896). See also Picdagnel. ,]can Frant;ois Millet: souve- nirs de Barbisun (Paris, 1876) ; Naegely, J. F. Millet and Irustic Art (London, 1808) ; the biographies by Yriarte (Paris, 1885); Emile ilichel in Les artistes celebres; Eaton, in Van Dyke, Modern French Masters ( New York, 1800): Couturier, Millet et Corot (Saint Quen- tin, 1876) ; Gensel, Millet und Rousseau (Biele- feld, 1902). MILLI, me'le, GlANNlNA (1827-88). An Ital- ian poet. She w'as born at Teramo, and when but a child of five years is said to have composed verses. When seventeen or eighteen years of age she became a pupil of the poet Regalili, the great- est of Italian improvisatores, and soon developed considerable power in improvising popular and amatory verses, iledals of gold and silver were awarded her. and after her trips through the principal Italian cities (1857-60) a pension was bestow-ed upon her. She was appointed inspector of elementary schools for girls and superintend- ent of the normal school for young women in Rome. Her poems were published in two volumes in 1862-63. MIL'LIGAN, Ex Parte. The title of an im- portant decision rendered by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1866, growing out of the events of the Civil War. The jireci.se question raised was whether a citizen domiciled in a State where peace prevails, but which is adjacent to the theatre of war, may be de- prived of the right of trial by jury and be subjected to trial before a military commission composed of army officers. The case grew out of the arrest of one Milligan. a citizen of Indiana, by a United States military ollicer in 1864 on cliarges of conspiracy, disloyal practices, inciting insurrection, and giving aid and I'omfort to the enemy. He was tried before a military eonunis- sion at Indianajiolis, was found guilty, and was sentenced to be hanged. His counsel thereupon tiled in the Circuit Court of the United States a petition for a writ of habeas corpus denying the jnrisiliction of the military conmiission, on the ground that the civil courts in Indiana were open and unobstructed in the performance ot their duties, that a United States grand jury which was then in session faih-d to find a bill of indictment, that the |i1:iintiir was a civilian in no way connected with the military service, and that he was not a resident of a rebel State. The case was finally carried to the Supreme Court ot the United States, where it was held that a mili- tary commission organized during the war in a State not invaded or in rebellion, and where the Federal courts were open and unobstructed, had no jurisdiction to try. convict, or sentence for a criminal olTense a citizen who was neither a resi- dent of a State in rebellion nor a prisoner of war. nor a person in the military or naval service, and that (^ongress had no power to confer such authority on it. This opinion was rendered by a bare majority of the court, a vigorous dissent- ing opinion being delivered by Chief .Justice
