State. It favored the annexation of Texas in 1845, and took a very prominent share in the Mexican War. General Kearny's army of invasion consisting largely of Missourians. In 1849 the Legislature adopted the so-called Jackson Resolutions, in which the right of Congress to regulate slavery in the Territories was trenchantly denied, and the principle of squatter sovereignty was asserted. The Jackson Resolutions, however, did not represent the unanimous feeling in the State, when they covertly threatened secession. In the election of 1860 the vote in the State for Douglas and for Bell was nearly equal, while Breckenridge and Lincoln received a far smaller vote than the others. The Legislature thereupon issued a call for a convention to consider the relation of the State to the Union. In the elections for the convention, the secessionist delegates were defeated by a popular majority of 80,000, and when the convention met—February to April, 1861—it declared that it could find no cause to dissolve the connection between the State and the Federal Union, and expressed the hope that some compromise might be effected between the North and the South. In reply to President Lincoln's call for troops. Governor Jackson, who, with the rest of the State Government, was in favor of secession, refused to participate in the ‘unholy crusade,’ and summoned the State militia to arms. Between the State militia and the Federal troops, under Colonel Lyon, aided by the volunteer bands which the loyalists of Saint Louis had organized, civil war ensued. The Governor, together with a majority of the Legislature, fled to the southern part of the State, and the supreme power was assumed by the convention, which declared all the offices vacant and proceeded to install a provisional government. The fugitive Legislature responded by declaring Missouri a member of the Southern Confederacy. (For military operations in Missouri, see Civil War.) In 1863 the convention passed an ordinance of emancipation of doubtful legality, which was to go into effect in 1870. With the fall of the Confederate power in Missouri the regular State Government was reorganized (1864), and in January, 1865, a constitutional convention controlled by the radical union party assembled in Saint Louis. The new Constitution provided for the immediate emancipation of the slaves and imposed severe political disabilities on all who had participated in the rebellion; all teachers, physicians, lawyers, and ministers were required to take a searching oath of loyalty. The qualifications for the franchise deprived a vast proportion of the citizens of the right to vote and continued in force till 1871, when a more liberal registration law was adopted. A third constitution went into effect in 1875. Since the war the prosperity of the State has been greatly increased by the development of its mineral industries and the growth of railroads. The improvement of the navigation of the Mississippi and the Missouri was carried on actively for many years. In the matter of public education there has been exceedingly rapid progress, the school fund of the State being one of the largest in the Union. Preparations are now (1903) nearly completed for an exposition to be held at Saint Louis to commemorate the one hundredth anniversary of the acquisition of Louisiana. See Saint Louis World's Fair.
From 1824 to the Civil War Missouri was always Democratic, but the Whig minority was very strong. From 1864 to 1872 the Republicans were in power, but the defection of a large body of Liberal Republicans who were opposed to the vindictive policy pursued against those who had participated in the Rebellion led to the reëstablishment of Democratic supremacy, which has remained unbroken since, save for the election of 1894, when the Republicans secured a majority in the Legislature and the Congressional delegation. The following is a list of the Governors of the State with their party affiliations:
| Alexander McNair | Democrat | 1820-24 |
| Frederick Bates | “ | 1824-25 |
| Abraham J. Williams (acting) | “ | 1825 |
| John Miller | “ | 1825-32 |
| Daniel Dunklin | “ | 1832-36 |
| Lilburn W. Boggs | “ | 1836-40 |
| Thomas Reynolds | “ | 1840-44 |
| M. M. Marmaduke (acting) | “ | 1844 |
| John C. Edwards | “ | 1844-48 |
| Austin A. King | “ | 1848-52 |
| Sterling Price | “ | 1852-56 |
| Trusten Polk | “ | 1856-57 |
| Hancock Jackson | “ | 1857 |
| Bobert M. Stewart | “ | 1857-61 |
| Claiborne F. Jackson | “ | 1861 |
| Hamilton R. Gamble | (Provisional) | 1861-64 |
| Willard P. Hall (acting) | 1864-65 | |
| Thomas C. Fletcher | Republican | 1865-69 |
| Joseph V. McClurg | “ | 1869-71 |
| B. Gratz Brown Liberal Republican and Democrat | 1871-73 | |
| Silas Woodson | “ | 1873-75 |
| Charles H. Hardin | Democrat | 1875-77 |
| John S. Phelps | “ | 1877-81 |
| Thomas T. Crittenden | “ | 1881-85 |
| John S. Marmaduke | “ | 1885-87 |
| A. P. Morehouse | “ | 1887-89 |
| David R. Francis | “ | 1889-93 |
| William J. Stone | “ | 1893-97 |
| Lou V. Stephens | “ | 1897-1901 |
| Alexander M. Dockery | “ | 1901 — |
Bibliography. Missouri Geological Survey Annual Reports (Jefferson City, 1853 et seq.); Waterhouse, The Resources of Missouri (Saint Louis, 1867); Switzler, Early History of Missouri (Columbia, Mo., 1872); Davis and Durrie, History of Missouri from 1541 to 1876 (Saint Louis, 1876); Carr, Missouri a Bone of Contention (Boston, 1888); Coues, History of the Expedition Under the Command of Lewis and Clark to the Source of the Missouri River (New York, 1893); Missouri Historical Society Publications (Saint Louis); Snead, The Fight for Missouri (New York, 1886).
MISSOURI, mĭz-zo͞o′rē̇. A small tribe of Siouan stock. When first known to the whites they occupied the territory about Grand River, a northern affluent of the Missouri, in what is now the State of Missouri, and contiguous to the Iowa and Oto (q.v.) on the north and west, all three tribes speaking the same language. Their popular name is of Algonquian origin, and is said to mean ‘great muddy,’ referring to the Missouri River. They call themselves Niutachi or Nudacha, ‘those who come to the mouth’ (of the river). According to their tradition the three tribes migrated together from the vicinity of Green Bay, Lake Michigan. The Missouri are named upon Marquette's map of 1673, and some years afterwards a French fort was established in their territory. Throughout the colonial period they were generally on the French side, as opposed to the English, although on one occasion they attacked and massacred the French garrison. In 1725 a number of their chiefs visited France and attracted much attention. At one time in the eighteenth century they were
