Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/777

MOMIERS. 699 HONACI. the reformed faith, I'spctially by denying the divinity of Christ. Tliis subjected them to oppo- sition, restraint, and fines. Among those who belonged to the Moniiers or synipatliized with them were Cesar ilalan, Louis (jaus-sen, iierle d'Aubigne, and F. Monod (qq.v.). Out of this sect sprang the French society styled the Evan- gelical Society for the Conversion of Roman Catholics, and the Free Church of Switzerland. Consult: Geschichte der Moinicrs (Basel, 182.5); Von der Cioltz, Die refonnirte Kirclie (Icnfs im UK Jahrhtindert {Basel, 1804) ; Clienevi6re, Quelques mots sur la Ueiicve rcliyiciise au XlXime Slide, de M. le Baron de Oottz (Ge- neva, 1803). MOMMSEN, mbm'zen, TiiEonoR (1817-1903). An eminent German historian and archivologist. He was born November 30. 1817, at (larding, in Schleswig, where his father was a pastor. From 1838 to 1843 he studied at the University of Kiel, devoting himself especially to legal and historical subjects. From 1844 to 1847 lie traveled and studied in Italy and France: in 1848 he became editor of the fichleswiyhol- steinische Zeitiing at Kendsburg. and in the autumn of the same year was called to Leipzig as professor extraordinarius of law. Two years later, however, having been removed for political reasons, he withdrew to Switzerland, where he became professor of Roman law at the University of Zurich in 1852. After two years he was called to a similar position at Breslau, and from 18.58 he was professor of ancient history at Berlin. From 1874 to 1S05 he was permanent secretary of the Berlin Royal Academy of Sciences. He also .served as Deputy in the Prussian Parliament from 187.'i to 1882, and was a powerful' factor in all liberal move- ments. Mommsen's literary activity began in 1843 with his famous monograph. De CoHriiiis et Hoddliciis Romanorum. and from that time he continued to make most imi)ortant contributions to almost every field of classical learning. His greatest works are: Die iiiiteiitalischeii DiaUkte (1850) : Ifomische Grsrhiehtc (18.54-,5G; vols. i.-iii., in 8th ed., 1888; Eng. trans.. New York, 1804), unquestionably one of the most masterly histories ever written; Romische Chronologie 1 2il ed. 1859); Die Geschichte des romisehen Miinzir-esens (1800); Romisches Stantsreclit (3d ed. 1887-88) ; Romisches Strafrecht (1899). Monnnsen more than any other man became the founder of modern Latin epigraphy. By his publication of the volume Inseriplioncs Rcgni Xeripolitani Latinw (1852) and his Inseripi tones Confadcrationis Helvetica' Latino: (1854). he set the model which has been followed in the great collection of Latin inscriptions, the Corpus Inseriptionuni Latinarum. which has been pub- lished at the expense of the Berlin Academy since 1803. Of this great work Momnisen him- self edited vols, i., iii.. viii.. and ix.. and pub- lished a large number of epigraphieal works, one of the most important of which is the Monumcntum Anci/ranum. with extensive com- mentary (2d ed. 1883). He also edited many Latin authors, the Digest, and served as co-editor of the Monumenta Germaniw flistorica. For a fiiU list of his publications up to 1887, consult Zangemeister. Theodor Mommsen als fiehrift- steller (Heidelberg, 1887). Two of Theodor Monunsen's brothers were eminent scholars in Special fields. Tycho, born at Garding, May 23, Vol. XIII. — 45. 1819, studied at Kiel and was engaged in educa- tive work until 1885, when he retired. He pub- lished a critical edition of Pindar (1804) and other works on the Greek poet. He died Decem- ber 1, 1900. August, born at Oldesloe, July 25, 1821, studied at Kiel, was also engaged in educational work, and published several volumes relating to tJreek and Roman chronologj'. MOMOR'DICA (Xeo-Lat., from Lat. mordere, to bite; so called because the seeds look as if bitten). A genus of the natural order Cucur- bitacete. Momordiea Balsamina, a native of Southern Europe and of the East, used to cover arbors, produces a curious, oblong, much-warted fruit, called the balsam apple, which, when green, is infused in oil to form a vulnerary nuich esteemed in Syria and some other coun- tries. The large, red, thorny fruit of Momordiea cochinchinensis, called gol-kakra in India, is there used for food. Momordiea Charantia, a native of Asia and Africa, grown as an orna- mental in the United States, is noted for its peculiarly sculptured seeds, the pulp surround- ing which is eaten by the Chinese. Momordiea inrolncrata is also cultivated as an ornamental. MOMOSTENANGO, mO'mos-ta-nan'g.*.. A town of the de])artment of Totonicapan, Guate- mala, 00 miles northwest of tlie city of Guate- mala (Map: Central America B 3). It is situ- ated on a high plateau in the midst of an im- portant agricultural region. Its inhabitants, chiefly Indians, are also engaged in weaving woolen cloth. Population, in 1899, about 18,000. MO'MOTOM'BO. A volcano in Central Amer- ica, situated on the northwestern shore of Lake ilanagua in Xicaragua (Map: Central America, D 4). Its height is 0124 feet. It is still active; its last great eruption occurred in 1S.52. MOMPOS, mom'pos. or MOMPOX. A town of the Department of Bolivar, Colombia, situated on the Magdalena, 110 miles southeast of Car- tagena (Map: Colombia. C 2). The town has two colleges and several elementary schools. It was formerly an imjiortant port, but the river at this point is no longer navigable: the chief occupation of the inhabitants is the manufacture of jeivelry, tools, and instruments. Population, 10,000. MO'MUS (Gk. "Sliiixot. MOmos. ridicule). The personification of mocking censure. In Hesiod he is the ofispring of Night, and in the lost epic poem, Vypria, he seems to have suggested to Zeus the marriage of Thetis and the birth of a fair daughter, which would together bring about the Trojan War. His story was chosen for satyr dramas, and his name became proverbial for a carping and mocking critic. In Lucian and his contemporaries Momiis is more prominent than in the earlier writers, and criticises all the gods for their defects, even to the shoes of Aphrodite, who was otherwise faultless. For this Zeus finally drove him out of heaven. MONACHISM. See Monastici-sm. MONACI, m.Vnii'chf, Ernesto (1844—1. An Italian Romance philologist, born at Soriano (Province of Rome). He studied the Romance languages and liecame professor of Romance phi- lology* at the University of Rome In 1870. Tlie Rivista di Filologia, which he founded in 1872, with Stengel and Manzoni, ceased i)ublication in 1876, but the Giornale di Filologia Romanza k