Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/779

MONAGHAN. 701 MONARCHY. (Jlap: lrel;iiiJ, T) 2). AiiiDiij; its public build- ings are tlic iiiarki'l-liousf. I'uurt-housc, Kiiiiiaii CatlioUc uulk'ye, and the eatlifdral uf Saint -Mac- Cartliain. i'lie town is tho centre of a trade in flax and grain. Two markets for agricultural produce are held weekly, and there is also a monthly fair. Population, in I'JOl, 2932. MONALDESCHI, nio'nul-des'ke, Giova.n.M, Warcbese. An Italian noble of the seventeenth century, a favorite of Christina of Sweden. He was a member of a noble family of Ascoli and a leader of the Frencli party at Rome; and after the disgrace of Piinentelli and the Spanish party at the Swedish Court, came into the favor of the Queen. In 1657, during her visit at the French Court, she accused him of high treason an<l had him assassinated at Fontainebleau. The real reason for his murder is unknown. Consult ilartens. Causes, celebres (Leipzig, 1858). MO'NA (Sp., Port., It., female monkey) MONKEY. . West African guenon ( Cercopithe- cun /iKjiiii). familiar in menageries and as a pet. It is of small size, black on the back, with the face purple, except the pink lips and chin. The imder surface is white, abruptly demarked from the black mantle; the bushy whiskers are yellow; a gray band extends across the forehead ; and there is an oval white spot on each side of the root of the tail. It is a docile and interesting animal. Compare Guenon and Diana Monkey. MONARCH. See Milkweed Butterfly. MONARCHIANS (from Gk. fwmpxia, mon- arch ia. sole ])ower, from fubvapxa^. inonarchos, monai-ch, from ^61-05, nionos, single + S^PX^'", archcin, to rule) . A term of Christian theology, ap- plied to certain persons in the early Church who ob- jected to the orthodo.x Christologj", on the ground that it suggested two gods (or three, if the Holy Spirit was included), and who maintained, in op- position, what was called the divine 'Jlonarehy' (Gk. povapxla), or essential oneness of the Deity. The questions at issue were the relationship of Christ to the Father and Christ's preexistenee. If Christ was God incarnate, as the Church taught, then it must follow, said some, that God the Father has entered the world, and has lived, suflered, and died among men. Christ then woild be merely a form or mode of manifestation of the supreme Deity, who might reveal Himselt as Father. Son, or Spirit. This doctrine was called ilodali.sm, or, more exactly, Modalistic Jlonarchi- anism. It was also known as PatripassianLsm. from the fact that it represented the Father as suffering. .Among its adherents were Praxeas. an .siatir Christian, who visited Rome late in the second century, and was opposed by Tertul- lian and by Noetus of Smyrna, whose views were combated by Hippolytus. The most cele- brated Modalist, however, was Sabellius (q.v.), who flourished early in the third century, and who taught that the Trinity consisted of three successive manifestations of God in history. Eastern Modalism was commonly called Sabel- lianism after him, and this name ultimately came into use in the West also. But there were some Christians who attempted, in just the opposite fa.shion, to an.swer the question how C^hrist was related to God. Their metliod was not identification, but distinction. Christ they held to be a created being, a num like other men, but they believed He became the Son of God by adoption, through an impartation of divine pow- ers, usually regarded as received at His baptism. These persons are known as Dynamic Monarch- iaus (from Gk. dvfd/ieis, powers), to distin- guish them from the other Monarchians described above. One of the leaders of this school was Theodotus the Tanner, who came to Rome from Byzantium late in the second century, and was there excommunicated by Pope Victor I. Another leader also bore the name Theodotus. He was a money-changer, a disciple of Theodotus the Taimer. Artemon, in the third century, con- tinued the same teaching. All these three appear to have been laymen. The Theodotians and -Vrtcmonites were called after them, and figure prominently among the third century heretics. Dynamic .Monarchianism found an able repre- sentative in Paul, Bishop of Samosata and Prime Minister of Zcnobia, (jueen of Palmyra, who was e.xconununicated by an Asiatic synod about 268. ( See Paul of Samosata. ) The Dynamic Monarch- ians were probably much less numerous than the Modalists. Over against all these Monarchians of either type the main body of the Church maintained the divinity of Christ along with His personal distinc- tion from the Father. The orthodox Logos-Chris- tology was developed into the doctrine that Christ is a preexistent divine hypostasis (q.v.), who be- came man through the incarnation, and is there- fore both God and man, two natures in one per- son. A similar view was held, although with less distinctiveness as yet, respecting the Holy Spirit, the third person of the Trinity (q.v.). Irenscus, Tertullian, Hippolytus, Novatian. and especially Origen, all contributed toward this doctrinal de- velopment. Yet by teaching that the Son was subordinate to the Father, as he was forced to do in refuting ilonarchianism, Origen prepared the way for Arianism, the most serious heresy of the fourth century. (See Aefus.) Con- sult: Harnack. Uislory of Doyina^ vol. iii. (Lon- don, 1897) : Fisher. Ilixtort/ of Christian Doc- trine (Xew York. 1890) : Smith and Wace, Dic- tionary of Christian liiofiraphii. articles "Theodo- tus," "Artemon," "Praxeas," "Xoetus," "Sabel- lius," "Paul of Samosata," etc. MONARCHY (Lat. monarchia, from Gk. pia- mpxla, sole ]Kiwer). In the strict sense of the term, tlmt form of State in which the sovereign authority is vested in a single person. It is only when the king or chief magistrate of the com- munity possesses the entire ruling power that he is. in the proper acceptation of the term, a mon- arch : but in a mere popular sense the term 'momirchy' is applied to any State in which the chief executive authority is vested in a single hereditary ruler. The degenerate form of mon- archy is tyranny, or government for the exclusive benefit of the ruler. When the head of the State, still possessing the status and dignity of royalty, shares the supreme power with a class of no- bles, with a popular representative body, or with both, the government, though no hmger in strictness monarchical, is called in popular lan- guage a mixed or limited monarchy, the term .absolute monarchy being applied to a government properly monarchical. If the monarch in the exercise of his powers is restrained by the pre- cepts of a constitution, the State is commonly styled a 'constitutional monarchy.' Monarchy, most usually hereditary, has sometimes been elec- tive, a condition generally attended with feuds