Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/800

MONGOLIA. 722 MONGOLIAN RACE. Mongolia proper during this period has no his- torj'; its people were making liistory lor theiii- selves, but outside their own country. Driven 'out of China in 1308 bj- the founder of the Ming dynast_v, the contemporary of Tiniur, the Klialkhas, who had established their rule there under Kublai, retired to their former home nortli of the Gobi, still hoping for an opportunity to reconquer their lost territory, but a great leader did not arise. In 1043 a new dynasty came to the throne of China — the .lanchus — with the help of certain of the Jlongnl tribes wliose seats lay near the Manehurian frontier. In 1088 war broke out between the Kleullis of Sungaria and the Klialkhas, and the latter, being defeated in lU'JO, sought the aid and protection of China. Both were cheerfully given; but it was not till seven years later that warlike operations, led by the Emperor K'ang-hi iu person, resulted in the utter defeat of the Eleuths, and the death of their leader. Gal- dan. Sungaria became a Chinese possession, and all the tribes of Mongolia became vassals of the Emperor. Valuable presents from time to time, the softening influence of Buddhism, the spread of .Moiiacliism. and the personal influence of the Dalai l.ama of Tibet have preserved peace ever since. Bini.ioGK.M'iiY. Prjevalsky, Mongolia, the Tuiit/ut ('duiiI))/. and Ihi; Soliludcs of Tibet, trans, by Delmar Jlorgan (London, 1876| ; Keclus, Tiouvclle gcorjraphie universcUe, vol. vii. (Paris, 1882) ; I'unipelly. (Icoloijiciil Itcsrarrhcs in China, Montjolin, and Jajxin (Washington, 1806) : Gilmour, Amon(f the Momjols (New York, 188:i| : id.. More Aljoiii the Moniiolx (ib.. 18!t3) ; Rockliill. The Land of the hama.i ( ib., 1S!)1 ) ; id., Diarii of a Journej/ Through Monfiolia and Tibet (Washington, 18!)4): PodznC'elT, Mongolia and the Mongols (Saint Petersburg, I8!t()l ; and for the history, D'Ohsson, lli.stoire deif Mongols (The Hague, 18:i4-.35) ; Woltl", drsehiehtc der Mongolen (Breslau. 1872) : Iloworth. llislorg of the Mon- gols (London. 1870-78) : Elias, liistory of the Moghuls of Crntral Asia (ib., 1808); Boulger, Uistorg of China (ib.. 1S!)8). MONGOLIAN RACE. Tliat divisiim of man- kin<l which is etiaraet<Mistically .Asiatic and had its primitive home on the continent of ,sia, whence it has sent out liranches into I'uropc. Africa, the islands of the Pacific, and. in the opinion of some authorities, even to the con- tinent of America. Brinlon, who termed this the Asian race, included in it the Sinitie peoples (Chinese, Tibetans, Indo-Chinese) and the Sibiric peoples (Tnngnisic. Mongol ic, Tataric. Finnic, Arctic, and .Fapanese- Korean groups), while he regarded the MalayoPolynesian peoples as a branch descendeil from some aneeslral tribe in -Xsla. Keane moilitics this view and regards the .Malay type as distinctly Mongolic. and also has an ()ceani<' .Mongol group (iiKJudiiig all the peoples of .Malaysia and Polynesia who arc not of Indonesian, Negritie, Australasian, I'npiuin, or Melanesian stocks), one of the divi- sions of his Homo Mongidicu». Both (liese scholars reject the theory which would derive the American almrigines from a Mongolian stock. Some of the earlier ethnologists saw a large Mon- golian ('Turanian') element in Western .sia and Europe, of which fragments were to be seen in Sumerinns and Ilittites, Pelasgians and Etrus- cans, Iberians and Happies, Piets, and other iso- lated peoples, .'vbuiidant evidence, however, is now forthcuniing that Europe and Western -Asia have from prehistoric times been in the pos- session of peoples belonging to the .Mediterranean branch of the white race and their more northern and southern congeners. The view of other au- thorities that the Celts are largely Mongolian lacks proof, as do also the views of those archae- ologists who explain certain industrial and social ])lienomena of later prehistoric Europe by in- vasions of Mongolian or Jlong(dized (leoplcs from .sia. (Jiitside of the Finno-Ugrian or I'ral- .ltaic peoples of Xortheasleni Europe and the later Mongol and TurkoTataric peoples of Southeastern Russia, the Magyars of Hungary, the Turks of the Balkan Peninsula, and the Huns, Avars, and Bulgars. who came in the wake of the great migration of Germanic peoples (the last- named still surviving to some extent in the Sla- vieized Bulgarians), the Mongolian population of Europe has probably never amounted to much at any epoch, the greatest invasions luiving taken place in historical times during the .Middle -Ages. Western .sia, Europe, and Northern .frica have been as characteristically the environment of the white as the great mass of the Asiatic continent has been that of the yellow race. The members of the Mongolian race jiossess, as a rule, straight, coarse hair (abundant on the head, less on the face, very scanty on the body), yellowish skin, a brachycophalous (or meso- cephalous) head-form, prominent cheek-bones, a roundi.-.li face, a small nose, and small black eyes, with slight elevation of outer angle and vertical fold of skin over the inner canthus. Their stature is medium or below the average. The ■Jlongolian spots' (q.v.) are also considered by some ethnologists a difTerentiating characteristic of this race. Certain bodily characteristics, as the relative proportion of trunk, limbs, anil lie.-d of the typical Mongolian, have led many authori- ties to consider this the most child like of all the human races. Color of skin, statuic. and other peculiarities of a .somatic nature account for the opinion of some that the Mongolian race is nearest to the original human stock, while the white, black, brown, and red races are held to represent greater divergences from the primitive type. That the Mongolian type should be the nearest to the original race and at the same time the closest to the child, who best represents the general human type, is very (irobablc. Phys- ically, then, the Mongolian race is of peculiar interest. Intellectually it runs a gamut equal to that of the white race, from the lowest Iriljcs of Siberia, through the half-civilized peoples of Central Asia and the borders of China, to the great, ancient, and almost stagnant civilization of China, and beyond that to the rapidly advanc- ing and progressive Japanese. Consult: Miiller. Per ugrischr Volhsstnmm (Leipzig. 1837); Rittieli, Die Ethnogrnphie Kusslands (tiotlia, 1S7H) ; Latham, h'ussian and Turk (London, 1S78) ; Helle von Samo, Die VofAor des osmanisehen Keiches (Vienna, 1877): Vflmbfry, Die primilirc Kiillur des turhotatarischen Volkes (I.,eip7.ig, 1871)); id., I'rsprung der Magyarrn (Vienna. 18S.'l) ; iJ., Pas Tiirkenvolk (U'ipzig, 188.5); Winkler. Vral- attiiisehc Volkrr und Spraehen (Berlin, 1884); V}SavY, I'-rpi'dition s<ientifi<iu< fran(:aisr en Kus- sie. en Niberic, etc. (Paris. 1878-80) ; Ten Kate, Zur Craniologie der Mongoloiden (Berlin, 1882) ;