Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/803

MONITORIAL SYSTEM. 725 MOITK. The luoniturial system was at om-v eliVctual and economical. By the employmenl of clever boys under the direction of the master, both for the purpose of keeping order and for .giving in- struction, tile school might be made self-opera- tive, and several hundred boys taught with the employment of only one adult superintendent. The pedagogical idea upon which the system was based was that the school life of the child is divided into two periods: in the first the child should receive all the aid that tlic teacher can give liim consistent with the development of self-hclpfnlness : in the second he should be tiyight to apply what he has acquired to the study of other branches, and to the leaching of otlicrs, wlien he should be thrown as much as pos- sible upon his own resources. The original or- ganizatiim of such schools was: (I) the master, who was the ultimate and absolute aiitliority; (2) the usher, who was a sort of superintendent of management and disci])linc: (■'?) the siibushers, who had charge of school-room materials; (4) the teachers, who had general oversight of two or three classes or groups: ('y) the assistants, who had charge of each group or class; ((i) the tutors, who assisted each child in the (ircparalion of his lesson. In general, all these oflicials under the master were piipils. the pupils of one class becoming in turn the tutors of the one below. Lancaster's improvement upon the g<'neral scheme was the division of classes into small groups, and the formulation of detailed methods of instruc- tion in the elementary branches. Consult: Gill, ,^!/.ilri)is of Education (Boston, 1880) ; Sliarpless, Enrjlisli I'/hicatioii ( Xew York, 1802); Meiklejohn, ' .ill Old Ediicntional Re former (London, 1881); Lancaster, Iiiiprorr- ments in Eduration (London, 180.5) ; Bell, Ele- ments of Tuition (London, 180;i). See LAN- CASTER. MONIUSZKO, mo'nynsh'kfi, Stanislaw (1S2()7lM. a Polish composer, born in rbiel. Government of Minsk. Russia. He perfected his musical education under Rungenhagen of Berlin, in which city he also taiight f(U- a livelihood, but subsequently settled in Vilna. He was a prolific com|ioscr. lie became director of the Warsaw Opera, and held a facultv position at the War- saw Conservatory. His works include numerous songs, church nnisic. chamber music, orchestral and instrumental i)ieces, and fifteen national Po- lish ujicras. MONK. Sec SIonasticism. MONK, or MONCK, r.EouriE, first T)k<' of Albemarle (l(inS-7(t). An English general, to whom the Stuart Restoration was due. He was born at Pothcridge, Devonshire, December 6, ItiOS. Coming under the ban of the law for thrashing a civil oflicer who illegally attempted to arrest his father, he volunteered for service in Spain, where he distinguished himself on se- cret service. In 1020 he entered the Dutch .rmy, and a<'qnitte<l himself galbvntly at Breda. In 1fi30. at the outbreak of the Scottish trembles, he was appointed lieutenant-colonel and won ad- ditional renown by saving the Knglish guns in the rout at Newburn. In 1042-43 he commanded a regiment against the Irish rebels, gained several victories, and was appointed Governor of Dublin. In the early part of the Civil War he fonglil as a volvinteer for the King, and in the Royalist defeat at Nantwich was taken prisoner by Fairfax. Charged with high treason, he was committed to the Tower, where he remained for two years. He regained his freedom by consenting to .serve in Ireland. His conduct connnended itself to Crom- well, who made him lieutenant-general and chief of artillery. Parliament appointed him Governor of Carrickfergus and gave him a gratuity of £500. In ItioO Cromwell took him to Scotland, and, on account of his brilliant condiict at Dunbar, left him as conunander-inchief to complete the sub- jection of that country. In It!,");! he became con- spicuous in a new capacity as a sea tighter and, associated with Blake and Deane. won two great naval battles over the Dutch Admiral Tromp. He took part in the commission to ar- range the union of Scotland and England, and went to the former country as (iovernor in 1G54, with nuich dilliculty maintaining his rule against the Presbyterians. Charles 11. tried to secure his support, but Jlonk sent the letter to (^romwell. .fter the Protector's death Monk de- clared in favor of Richard Cromwell and assumed the defense of public order when t-ambert's in- surrection threatened a military des|)Otism. On .lanuary 1. llillO, .Monk crossed the border with (iOOO men. joined Fairfax at York, and entered London. Keliruary .'id, without o|)position. Ilis intentions were not known until February 28th, when, owing to the unsettled condition of affairs and knowing of the national wish to bring back the Stuarts, he called together the Presbyterian members expelled from Parliament in 1G4S, and created a majority for the King. Charles II. was f(n-m:illy declared King on May 8th. He made .loid< Duke of All)emarle, Privy Councilor, Chandierlain, and l-ord Lieutenant of Devon and Middlesex. In ItKi"). as (iovernor of London dur- ing the plague, .Monk remained at his |)ost when every one else had tied who c(nild. The King then employed him against the Dutch at sea. In .lune, lliOti, De Rviyter with an overwhelming force defeated him in a three days' battle otT Dimkirk. In the month f(dlowing. Albemarle gained a com- l)lete :ind s;inguinary victory over De Huyter off the Xorth Forebmd. During the last years of his life Jlonk lived in a nu'asnre retired from political and social life. He died at Newhall, Essex, January 3, 1070. Consult: Cnlrndar of Domestic State Papers, Ui.'iil-nO (London, IS'.'i-SO) ; Thurloc State Papers (London, 1742) ; Kirth, Scotland and the Com- nurnwralth, 1751-5S (Edinburgh, 1805); id., ScotUuid and the Protectorate, lG5'i-i>i> (ib., 1800) ; rinrcndoit State Paixrs (Oxford, 1786); Clarendon, //i.s/ori/ of the h'rhcllion ( ib., 1888) ; id.. Life (ib.. 1827); Pepys. Diari/ (London, 1803-00); (inmble. Life of General MoncI: (ib., 1071), is of special importance since the author was chaplain to Monk in 1050-00, and had spe- cial opportunities for obtaining information; Guizot, Monck, or the Fall of the Kepuhlie and the Restoration of the Monarch;/, trans, by Scoble (London, 1851); Gardiner, 77i.«/on/ of England niO.i'ii (Xew York, 1883-84) ; id., llistorii of the arent Cii-il War (ib., 1807). MONK, ;Makta (e. 1817-50). A Canadian im- postor. In 1835 she claimed to have escaped from the nunnery of the Hritel Dieu in Montreal, and told of many revolting practices alleged to have been carried on within the walls. She came to Kcw York, and so impressed many people of standing that thcv continued to believe her after