Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/810

MONMOUTH. 728 MONMOUTHSHIRE. Chicago, Burlington and guiiity railroads (Map: Illinois, 15 3). It is the seat "of ilonnioutli Col- lege (L'nited Presbyterian), founded in 18.30; and the Warren County Library is here, 'ihe city has farming, eoal-niining. horse-breeding, and lommercial interests, controlling a large trade in grain, pioducc, live stock, and in the principal manufactured products, which include agricul- tural implements, sewer pipe, pottery, stoneware, soap, stump-pullers, boxes, and cigars. Settled in 183(1, Monmouth was incorporated first in 1852. The government, under a charter of 1874, is vested in a mayor, elected biennially, and a unicameral council. The city owns and operates the water-works. Population, in 1890, 5!)3G; in 1900, 7450. MONMOUTH, Battle of. A battle fought .func 2S, 177S. during the American Revolution, near ilonmouth Court House, in the town of Kreehold. Monmouth County, X. J., between an American army under (Jeneral Washington and an English army under Sir Henry Clinton. The latter, evacuating Philadelphia on .June 18th, re- treated across Xew .Tersey. and on the 2r)th reached Freehold, whence on the 27th lie started for Sandy Hook. Washington, following closely, resolved to attack Clinton's left wing, 8000 strong, marching in the rear, and detailed fJen. Charles Lee with 0000 troops to assail its flank imtil he could come up with the main division. Lee advanced accordingly, but instead of attack- ing, intentionally wasted time in feinting and executing futile inana-uvres, ami after a little skirmishing, ordered a general retreat. Washing- ton rapidly pushed forward, rebuked Lee with great severity, and rallying the demoralized troops, cheeked the advance of the British, who made determined hut unsuccessful attacks on the .American left under Stirling and the .meri- can right under Wayne and Oreene. The Knglish then fell back and took up a strong position, but, during the night, withdrew to the heights of Mid- dletown. Though usually claimed as a victory for the Americans, the battle was strategically drawn, neither side gaining any decisive advan- tage. The .Xmericans lost 3li2 in killed, wounded. and missing, the British 410, many on each side being prostrated by the intense heat (0G° in the shade). Lee was shortly afterwards tried by court-martial for his conduct, was found guilty of disobeying orders and of making a shameful re- treat, and was suspended from conmiand for a year. Consult: Dawson. Iliiltlrx of Ihr f'liitrd Stnti-s (Xew York, 1850) ; and Carrington, linl- Hr.i nf ihe American Revolution (Xew York, 1S70). MONMOUTH, .LMES. Duke of (1040,85). A natunil sim of Charles IT. of England by Lucy Walters or Walter. Charles committi'd the boy to Ihe care of Lord Crofts, who gave him his own name. On the Restoration. Monmouth, then Mr. . fames Crofts, came to England with the (Jueen Dowager and was lodged at the royal palaces of Hampton Court and Whitehall. He was married in 1003 to .Anne, daughter of the Earl of Buc cleuch, and was created Duke of Monmouth, .ns- suming as family name his wife's name of Scolt. At the period of Titus Oates's plot (1078). rumors that the 'Protestant Duke' was the King's legitimate son spread far and wide: but the King declared solemnly before the PrivA* Council that he had never married Lucy Walters. Mon- mouth was sent into Scotland in 1070, for the purpose of quelling the rebellion of the radical Presbj'terians. He defeated the Covenanters at Bothwell Bridge; but his humanity to the fleeing and wounded was so conspicuous and his recom- mendations to pardon the prisoners were so urgent as to bring upon him the violent censure of the King and Lauderdale. He thus became the idol of the English Xoncomformists. The return of the Duke of York and the exile of Monmouth soon followed. In Ilollaiul he allied himself to the leaders of the Xonconformist [larty, exiled like himself, and when he returned to London he was received with such demonstrations of joy as to convince him that he was the people's choice as successor to his father. In 1080 he made a quasi-royal progress through the west of Eng- land with the design probably of courting the Xonconformists, and two years afterwards he traversed some of the northern counties. The King and his brother were alarmed, and Mon- moutli was placed for a short time under arrest. In HiS4 Monmouth went to the Xctherlands and remained abroad until the death of Charles, whereupon he returned to England. Landing in 1085, he assumed the title of .lames II. and headed a rebellion against the Government. Xews of the defeat of Argyle. who at the head of the Scottish exiles had attempted an insurrection in Scotland, made Monmouth despondent. Xever- theless on .Inly 0th he attacked a superior royal force which, under the command of the Earl of Fevcrsliam, was encamped at Scdgemoor. near liridgewater. When his amnumition failed the Duke fled and his troops were massacred. Mon- mouth was found concealed in a ditch, and was brought to London. Gaining an interview with the King, he made the most humiliating submis- sion, but in vain, even the shortest respite being refused. On .July 15, !(i85, he was beheaded on Tower Hill. In the 'Bloody .Assize.' under .Tiidge • letlreys (q.v.). Monmoith's adherents paid a fearful penalty for their participation in his rash rebellion. Consult: Roberts, Lifr. I'roqrrss. and Itrbcllian of James, Duke nf Motniiouth (London, 1844) ; Collins. Peeracie of EnffUind. vol. iii. (5th ed., ib., 1779) ; Fergusson. Uohnt Firfiussmi, the Plotter, or the tiecret of the Ri/eUouse Con- spiraea and the Story of a fltrnnfje Career (Edinburgh, 1S87) : Grey. Seerrt Hisl'orii of the Ifi/ellnusr Pint, and of ilnnmnuih's Rebellion in /6'S.7 ( Lcmdon, 1754): H.vde. Cnrrrspotideuee of llrnrji nf Clarrndnn and Jamen. Karl of Abingdon, Chirltii Rrlatimi to the Mnnmoiilli Iiisiirrection, IGSSSJi (Oxford, 1890): Macaulay, nixlor)/ of England (Xew York. 1858) : and various other histories of Knglaiul. MONMOUTH COLLEGE. A coeducational institution, openeil in 1S50 at Monmouth. III., under the control of the l'nited Presbyterian Church. The college courses are arranged in nine groups, all leading to the degree of B... There are preparatorv and gradmite departments and schools of music and art, with a total registra- tion, in 1902. of 350. The library contained about 0000 volumes. The faculty numbered IS. The camjius occupies ten acres, and with the Iniild- ings is valued at about .^lOO.OOO, the whole vahie of the college property being .S120.000. The en- dowment is .f200.000 and the income $25,273. MONMOUTHSHIRE. A maritime county in the west of England, bounded south by the