Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/839

MONTANELLI. 751 parties looked upon liiiii with distrust and he i'lmiid himself with hardly any aillicrents. In L'liniicro, il jkiikiIo c la dviiiocraziu in Italia (1S5!I) he defended his own standpoint. Having founded the short-lived Xuovu Europa, he entered the Italian Parliament in 1861, and died June 17. 18IJ2. Coiisull: Redi, Uiconlo hiotjrajiro di (Jiiiseppe Monlanclli (Florence, 188.3); Proven- zal. Alia earn iitciiwria di (liuseppc Montanelli (Leyliurn, lS(i2). MONTANES, niontii'nyas, ^Iartinez Juan (?-1049). A Spanish sculptor in wood, horn proliahly at Alcah'i la Real. He was a pupil of Pablo de Rojas in Granada, and afterwards worked in Seville. His scul])tures there include a "Conception." in the Cathedral, an altar with figures of saints and a life size "Christ on the Cross," in the University Church, and some statues in the gallery of the city. These are fine examples of his art, which is notable for purity of style and beauty of expression. In 103.5 he went to JIadrid. where he made a model for an equestrian statue of Philip IV., and where Velazquez painted his portrait, which is now in the Prado iluseuni. MONTA'NTJS (Lat.. from Gk. MoI'Ta^'is. Moii- tanos). A Phrygian convert to Christianity about 1.56. He is said to have been formerly a priest of Cybele (q.v. ). He undertook to restore the faith and -practice of the primitive Clnircli. but was finally excluded from tellowsliip as a heretic. Montanus taught that direct divine revelation still continued, and that he himself was the mouthpiece of the Paraclete, promised in .John xiv. 16. Hence his movement is often called the 'new prophecv.' He revived the primitive conception of the speedy return of Christ to earth, to es- tablish His kingdom, and the elect were sum- moned to gather at the Phrygian village of Pepuza. there to await their Lord. In view of ' the immediate end of the present age, asceticism was their rule of life, and martyrdom was courted as a blessing and even a duty. Montanus in- sisted upon strict ecclesiastical discipline, thus rebuking the alleged laxity and worldliness in the Church at large. He declared it wrong to • grant forgiveness of mortal sin, and believed that the holiness of the Church could be preserved only by excluding all offenders from membership. He denied that the hierarchy possessed any right or power to restore holiness when it had been for- feited through sin, and thus he took his stand against the theory of sacramental grace. Close- ly associated with Montanus were two women, Prisea (or Priscilla) and Maximilla, supposed to be endowed like himself with the spirit of ecstatic prophecy. Like the 'spiritual gifts' of the Apostolic age (cf. I. Cor. xii.), the prophetic spirit might rest upon any one, and this divine equipment marked out the leaders of the Church. Revelation was imparted without any activity on the prophet's part; he was pas- sive like the lyre when striiek with the plectrum. Maximilla was held to be the last of the prophets. She died in 179. Montanus's death was earlier, but the exact year is unknown. The Montanists spread rapidly, and Asiatic synods were early held against them. They were known in Rome as early as the time of Soter (165-174), who pronounced an adverse judgment upon their claims, as did several of his successors. They were excluded from the Catholic Church, and or- MONTAUBAN. ganized as a se|)arale body. Their most distin- guislied convert was Tertulli;in ((pv.), whose later writings arc the chief literary monuments of the Moutanist movement. Excluded from the Catholic Church, the Montanists did not long survive in the West, but in the East they are found as late as the sixth century, when Justin- ian finally suppressed them. Consult the later writings of Tertullian, trans- lated into English in The Antc-iccne Fathers, edited by Roberts and Donaldson, American edi- tion, vols. iii. and iv. ; iionwetsch, Gcschichte dcs MontanisMus (Erlangen, 1881); Harnack. Uis- tori/ of Dogma, vol. ii. (London, 189C) ; Smith and Wace, Dictionary of Christian Biography, article "Montanus" (London. 1877-87) ; Raing, The Ancient Catholic Church (New York, 1902). MONTABGIS, moN'tilr'zhe'. The capital of an arrondissement in the Department of Loiret, France, 75 miles south of Paris by rail, at the confluence of the Loing and the Vernisson, and at the junction of three canals connecting the Seine and the Loire (Map; France, J .3). Among its chief buildings are the thirteenth-century Church of La JIadeleine, the town hall contain- ing an art gallery, and the remains of the former imposing twelfth-century castle, which was capa- ble of accommodating 6000 men. A bronze monu- mental group commemorates the 'Dog of Mon- targis,' who is said to have revealed his master's murderer by constantly following him; a fight between the suspect and the dog, suggested by Charles V., ended in the defeat of the criminal, who confessed and was executed. (See Aubky de MoNTDiDiER.) There are considerable manufac- tures of paper, cotton goods, and cutlery, and a good trade in grain, wax, and honey. Anciently, Montargis was the capital of Gatinais. During the English occupation it was attacked on several occasions, and successfully resisted a siege in 1427. Until the palace at Fontainebleau was built, the castle at Montargis was a favorite royal residence and became known as '"the Cradle of the Children of France." Population, in 1901, 12,351. MONTAUBAN, moN't6-baN'. The capital of the Department of Tarn-et-Garonne, France, situ- ated on an elevation above the river Tarn, in a rich and beautiful country, 31 miles north of Toulouse (ilap; France, H 7). It is a hand- some, well-built town, has a Renaissance cathe- dral finished in 1739, a Protestant theological college, a public library, and a splendid museum in the town hall, the ancient easlle of the counts of Toulouse. Cloth, sugar, and metal ware are manufactured and there is a trade in horses, grain, oil, and wine. Montauban originated in the Abbey of Saint Theodard or Montauriol. built in the eighth century on the site of the Roman Mons Albanus. The town's growth dates from its opening up in 1144 by Count Alphonse of Toulouse as a refuge for serfs. It sutTered severe- ly during the Alhigensian wars of the thirteenth century. It was an episcopal sec from 1317 to 1560, when the inhabitants who had embraced the Protestant faith destroyed the cathedral. As one of the Huguenot strongholds, it was a frequent object of attack. In 1621 it was un- successfully besieged by the forces of Louis XTII. for eighty-six days. The fall of La Roehelle in .1629 entailed its submission and the dc- .struction of its fortifications. Ingres, the art-