nally discomfited and the King taken captive. The conditions imposed upon the King were summed. up in the Mise of Lewes (q.v.), and Montfort was the real ruler of the kingdom. In summoning a Parliament for 1265 to deliberate upon the measures to be adopted at this great crisis, writs were issued to the sheriffs in 1264 by Montfort directing them to return two knights for each shire, and two citizens for every borough, which is of importance in the development of the representation of the commons as an estate of the realm in Parliament. A second war broke out, after the young Duke of Gloucester deserted the baronial party and joined the King. Prince Edward (afterwards Edward I.) encountered the barons at Evesham with a greatly superior army. When defeat was inevitable, the great leader refused to flee, and fell fighting bravely (August 4, 1265). The death of Montfort filled the whole land with mourning; the people bewailed their dead champion, and the Franciscans pointed to his glorified spirit in heaven, regardless of the fact that on purely political grounds he had been excommunicated in 1264. The influence of Montfort was felt after his death, and his policy, in general, was followed by Edward I. (q.v.). Consult: Devic et Vaissète, Histoire de Languedoc, vol. vi. (Toulouse, 1879); Pauli, Simon de Montfort, translated by Miss Goodwin (London, 1876); Prothero, Simon de Montfort (London, 1877); but especially Bémont, Simon de Montfort (Paris, 1884); also Stubbs, Constitutional History, vol. ii. (4th ed., Oxford, 1896); Stubbs, Early Plantagenets (5th ed., New York, 1886); and Green, History of the English People, vol. i. (London, 1895).
MONTGOLFIER, môN′gŏl′fyắ′, Joseph Michel (1740-1810), and Jacques Etienne (1745-99). Two French inventors, born at Vidalon-lez-Annonay in Ardèche. They were the sons of a paper manufacturer, and though Etienne studied architecture, he gave up his profession to take charge of his father's factory, as Joseph had gone into business for himself. The two brothers became interested in aëronautics (q.v.), and their fame rests upon their achievement in making the first successful balloons. For this work Louis XVI. decorated Etienne with the Order of Saint Michel, gave Joseph a pension of 1000 livres, raised their father to the nobility, and later granted the brothers 40,000 francs that they might devote their whole attention to aërial navigation. Their work was interrupted by the Revolution, and during the Reign of Terror Etienne, who had been administrator of his department, was denounced and escaped only through the devotion of his workmen. Napoleon decorated Joseph and appointed him to various offices, and the Institute in 1807 elected him a member of its section of general physics. He made several other inventions of considerable value, among them the parachute, and published Discours sur l'aérostat (1783); Les voyageurs aériens (1784); and, in collaboration with his brother, Mémoire sur la machine aérostatique (1784). Consult Turgan, Les ballons (Paris, 1851).
MONTGOMERIE, mŏnt-gŭm′e-rĭ, Alexander (c.1556-c.1610). A Scottish poet. He evidently received a scholarly training and for a time held an official position at the Court of James VI. Some years were spent in foreign travel. The Cherrie and the Slae (1597), still popular among the Scotch, gives him a conspicuous place in a period of the literature of his country which was without poetic genius. The poem lacks design, but contains many passages of homely beauty. He is also author of some sonnets and a scurrilous poem, entitled The Flyting Between Montgomery and Polwart (1621). A collection of his works was published by Laing in 1821, and another, edited by Cranstoun for the Scottish Text Society, appeared in 1887.
MONTGOMERY. The capital of Alabama, and the county-seat of Montgomery County, 180 miles northeast of Mobile; on the Alabama River, at the head of navigation, and on the Mobile and Ohio, the Central of Georgia, the Seaboard Air Line, the Louisville and Nashville, the Atlantic Coast Line, and the Western of Alabama railroads (Map: Alabama, C 3). The city is built on the high river bank, and has many spacious old-fashioned residences and large gardens. Its principal buildings are the State Capitol, a United States Government building, the city hall, court-house, Masonic Temple, and the Carnegie Library. A fine Confederate monument is located on the grounds of the Capitol. Among the charitable and educational institutions are the city infirmary, an orphanage, and a home for widows, a State normal school for colored pupils, and public, State, and Supreme Court (31,000 volumes), and State Board of Health libraries. There are about fifty acres of public parks.
Montgomery has a large cotton market, its annual trade being about 150,000 bales. Owing to its accessibility to timber and deposits of coal and iron, it has developed also into a manufacturing centre of considerable importance. By the census of 1900 it held second rank among the cities of the State, with an invested capital of $2,930,782 and a production valued at $5,035,190. Besides the various establishments representing the cotton industry, there are railroad car and repair shops, foundries and machine shops, carriage and wagon works, confectionery factories, fertilizer factories, marble works, cracker factories, barrel factories, etc.
Under a revised charter of 1897 the government is vested in a mayor, biennially elected, and a city council, which elects or confirms the executive's nominations of all administrative officials. The various municipal departments, with the exception of that of schools, are governed by single heads. The city spends annually in maintenance and operation more than $400,000, the principal items being about $105,000 for interest on debt, $55,000 for the water-works, $40,000 for the police department (including police courts, jails, reformatories, etc.), $30,000 for schools, $30,000 for the fire department, and $20,000 each for municipal lighting and street expenditures. The water-works are owned and operated by the municipality, having been acquired in 1898. The system, which includes 53 miles of mains, cost about $580,000. Population, in 1890, 21,883; in 1900, 30,346.
Montgomery was founded in 1817 as ‘New Philadelphia,’ and in 1819, with a population of 600, it was consolidated with ‘East Alabama Town’ as Montgomery. Incorporated in 1837, it supplanted Tuscaloosa as the State capital in 1847. The famous ‘Alabama Platform’ was adopted here, February 14, 1848, and Montgomery was the seat of the Confederate Govern-
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