Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 13.djvu/96

KABKHAH. army. Well versed in the classical and modern lanfi'iiages, he took up literature as a means of livelihood and prepared numerous volumes for the press, lie wrote largely on topics connected with sport, and is also known for some inditferent poetrj'. . few works atlrihuted to liim were certainly written by others, but tlio.se regarded as genuine include: The Most Honorable Trafiedic of Sir llichard Urincile (150.5); The Poem of I'ocnis (1.595) : f'arelariee, or the Liiglish Uome- miin ( lUOT ) : and Hunger's Prevention (1021). MARKHAM, Wiluam (c.1G35-1704). An American Colonial Governor, born in England. He was a cousin of William Pcnn. and was sent to America as Deputy Governor of Pennsylvania after tlie grant in 1081. On his arrival at New York, Brockholls. acting Governor in the absence of Andros. surrendered his authority over Penn's grant and gave him a letter to the local authori- ties. Proceeding to Pennsylvania. .Markham called a council August 3. "itiSl. and almost immediately began a controversy with Lord Balti- more about the Maryland bmiiidary. He chose the present site of Philadelphia for the great city to be built, instead of that of Upland (Chester), which was Penn's choice. W hen Penn arrived in ItiSi. Markbam went to England to represent the colony in the boundary dispute, and when Penn returned was made Secretary of tlie Province and the Territories (the lower counties on the Delaware). He was Deputy Governor of the Ter- ritories in IGOl. and was Lieutenant-Governor for (;overnor Fletcher of Xew York (1093 to 1695). the Crown having revoked the grant made to Penn and assumed control. He was continued in ollicc until 1099 by Penn. who in 1095 had again secured possession, and during this time the new Constitution was passed. Many charges, such as conniving at jiiracy and using courts to protect fraud, were made against him. Penn was not al- together satisfied with his course, but ordered him to be appointed Register-General of Wills in 1703. MABKHOR. Sec Goat. MARKING-NUT. The fruit of Semecarpus .iiacardium. a large tree of the natural order . acar<liace:r. a native of the mniintains of India. It has oblong leaves and terminal panicles of flowers. The fruit is a hearlshaped, black nut, .seated on a large swollen receptacle, which, when ripe, is roasted and eaten, although when raw it is astringent and acrid. Between the two coats of the nut-shell is a black, acrid juice, much in use for marking cotton cloths, a mixture of quicklime and water being a|>plied to prevent it from running, and to briglilen the color. It is also u-ed as an external ap|)lication in rheu- matism. MARKIRCH. miir'keriv ( l"r. Sainte-Marie- auJcMiiii s. . town of I'pper .Msace. Germany, situateil about forty miles southwest of Strass- burg (Map: (Jermany. B 4). It is an important manufacturing centre for cotton and woolen poods, the industry having been introduced there nliout the miildle of the eighteenth century. In the Midille .ges the town was famous for its silver mines, which have -^inee been abandoned. Population, in 1900, 1-2,3"fi. about one-half Prot- estants. MARKT-AND, .Tfremiaii (10931770). An ?)nglisli classical -scholar and text critic. He was born at C'hildwall, England, and was ed- 76 MARL. ucated at London and Cambridge. His works included a number of emendations of the text of Lvsias and of Euripides; an edition of the ditliciilt .Si/((f of Statius (1728; 1824), which is considered a masterpiece of acute criticism; and Ucinurlcn on the Epistles of Cicero to Brutus ( 1745), in which he tried to prove them spurious. His attacks on the authenticity of the Ciceronian orations Pro Domo Sua, Post liedilum in Sena- tu, Ad Quirilcs. and the Dc Haruspicum lieapon- sis. in which he was afterwards followed by F. A. Wolf, started a famous and longstanding con- troversy. Consult Wolf, Litterarische Analekten (Berlin, 1817-20). MARKS, Henry Stacy (1829-98). An Eng- lisli genre painter, born in London. He studied at the schools of the Royal Academy, London, and under Picot in Paris.' In 1853 he began to exhibit at the Aeademy. and was elected a Royal Academician in 1878. His works are often of a humorous nature, and he painted many scenes from Shakespeare. "Saint Francis Preaching to the Birds" (1870) is one of his most charac- teristic paintings. He was very fond of intro- ducing birds into his works, and i>ainted them with particular care. His paintings in water color are also notable. MARK TWAIN. The nomde plume of S. L. Clelliclis. MARL (OF. marie, merle. Ft. marne, OHG. mrrfiil. (icr. Mergcl. from ML. mariiila. diminu- tive of Lat. marya. marl, from Gall, miiriia, Bret, marg, marl. Gk. iIp7iXos, arijilos, white clay). .V somewhat indefinite term applied in diii'ercnt localities to widely difTereiit materials. In a general sense it means essentially a natu- rally occurring mixture of calcium carbonate and clay with more or less sand, which usually falls to pieces on exposure to the air. .Mtliough prob- ablv the greater nunil>er of the marls of the I'nited States conform to this definition, and depend for tlieir aL'ricultural value on their lime content, there are quite extensive deposits of the Cretaceous marls, known as greensand (espe- cially in Xew .lersey). which contain variable but usually small amounts of lime and con- siderable amounts of potash (mainly silicate) and phosphoric acid. The name is also some- times applied to friable clays, or mixtures of clay and sand, in which there is almost no trace of iime. Marl beds are widely distributed in the L'nited St;itcs and have beeu exploited to a con- siderable extent ill New .Jersey. Maryland. Vir- ginia, Kentucky, Xorth Carolina, ami South Carolina. The marls of these deposits generally belong to three classes and occur in geological formations which are found, as a rule, one above the other in immediate succession. The upper iaver. blue or shale marl (Neocene) , generally found at or near the surface, consists chiefly of sea mud with partially decomposed shells and bones. Its v.ilue depends mainly upon its con- tent of carbonate of lime (40-50 per cent.), al- though it contains in addition small percentages of poliish (.25 to 4.75 per cent.) and phosphoric acid (trai'C to 1.75 per cent.). This class pre- dominates in Maryland. Virginia, and North Carolina, and has been used to a considerable extent with good results on worn-oiit or nat- urallv infertile soils. The second class. Eocene or chalky marl, is commonly a coarse, 'friable chalk, consisting of comminuted shells and corals,