Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/104

BEYNARD. 88 REYNOLDS. which together constitute over 30.000 verses. The ohh'st iiuiiiuscript of this comiiihition is of the cud of the thirteenth century, hut we have a German poem of tlie twelfth century, modeled on an earlier version of the same French work. 'arious ■Trouv&res' attempted to give shape to this material, though the romance never at- tained genuine unity. The names of three alone of these compilers have been handed down: Pierre de Saint Cloud, Richard de Lison, and a clerk who called himself Prestre de la Cruix en Brie. These names indicate that the He de France, Champagne, Normandy, and Flanders are the localities where the various parts of the poem took shape. The gist of the tale, in this com- pleted form, is that the Fox has given offense to the Wolf and to several other animals, for which reason he is called before the court of justice held by the Lion. At first lie refuses to come and through trickery rids himself of those sent after him. Finally, when forced to appear, he pretends repentance and is pardoned by the Lion. The olfense, however, is repeated in a different form and again the Fo. goes free. At last the Wolf in despair challenges him to single combat. Here again the craft of the Fox gains a com- plete victory, which ends in his being recognized as the real master of beasts. In the fourteenth century the story was again taken up and given a number of remodelings on French soil ; chief among these are Renart le 'Nouvel, by Jacquemard Gelee. and the famous Renart le Contrefaite, by an unknown clerk of Troyes. Here the romance has become a veritable compendium of moral, historical, and political ideas expounded by Reynard in conversation. The romance w-as very popular in foreign lands. It was translated into Middle High German in 1180 by the minnesinger Heinrich der Glichcsl; re ; it was imitated in Catalonia by Raymond LuUe and given an English form (published by C'axto;i) and a Flemish form. Goethe modernized the Ger- man version in his Reinecke Fiichs (translated by T. J. Arnold). Mediaeval art delighted in de- picting scenes from the Renard. For a detailed bibliography, consult: Ernest Martin, Le roman de Renarte ( Strassburg-Paris, 1882-87), and Potvin, Le roman du Renard (Paris, 1891). The best edition of the French version is that of Martin, op. cit.; the German Reinhart Fuchs is edited by Reissinger (Halle, 188G), the Flemish verse version Reinaert de Vos, by Van Helten (Groningen, 1887), and Caxton's English version is edited by Thorns, Percy So- ciety (London, 1844). For questions of sources, etc., consult: Sudre, Les sources du roman de Renarte (Paris, 1893) ; id., in Petit de Julleville, Histoire de la langue et de la litterature frun- caise, vol. ii. (Paris, 189G) ; G. Paris, Le roman de Renard (ib., 1895) ; F. S. Ellis, History of Reynard therFox (London, 1894) ; and T. .Jacobs, Reynard the Fox (ib., 1895). REYNAUD, ra'no', Jean Ernest (1806-63). A French philosopher and author, born at Lyons. He was at first a mining engineer, but came into public notice as an opponent of Saint-Simonism, his previous creed, in a series of articles in the Revue encyclopidiqxte. His chief work, Terre et ciel ( 1854 ) , is a resume of the ideas he had already set forth in the Eneyclopedie nonvelle, which he and M. Pierre Leroux had founded in 1835, and he published also Mineralogie des gens du monde (1834); Considerations sur I'csprit de la Oaule (1847); Vie et correspondance de Merlin de Tkionriile (1860); and Etudes enci/clopidiqucs (1806). REYNOLDS, ren'oldz, George William JIac- Artiii'k (1814-79). An English politician and author. He was educated at the Royal Military College at Sandhurst (1828-30). Disliking the prospect of a military career, he left before com- pleting his studies and traveled on the Continent, acquiring a wide knowledge of the most modern French literature. The Youthful Lmpostor {IS35) , his first novel, was followed by a volume of translations from Hugo (1836), and by two vol- umes of essays entitled Modern Literature of France (1839). In 1846 he l^ecame editor of the London Journal, for which he wrote The Mys- teries of London in imitation of Eug&ne Sue's Mysteries of Paris. In the same year he started Reynolds's Miscellany, to which he contributed during the twentj^-three years of its life many sensational tales. He took a leading part in the Chartist movement and was one of the last to abandon its cause. In 1850 he started the still existing Reynol-ds's Weekly Neicspaper, an organ of the laboring classes. REYNOLDS, Henry Robert (182.5-96). An English Congregational minister, born at Romsey, Hampshire. He studied at Coward College and at the London LTniversity (1841), and five years afterwards was ordained to the charge of a church at Halstead, Essex, but continued his studies, and graduated in 1848. His second pas- torate was in Leeds (1849), with intervals of Continental travel until he became president of Cheshunt College (1860-94). He was associate editor of the British Quarterly Review in 1866-74, edited the Evangelical Magazine in 1877-82, and published: The Philosophy of Prayer (1881); Buddhism (1886); and Athanasius (1889). REYNOLDS, James Emerson (1844—). An Irish chemist, born in Booterstown, County Dub- lin, and educated at Dublin LTniversity. He was chosen professor of cliemistry to the Royal Dub- lin Society in 1870, to the Royal Irish College of Surgeons in 1873, and in Dublin University in 1875. Rej'nolds discovered thiocarbamide and many other compounds of the same class, and published Lectures on Experimental Chemistry (1874) and General Experimental Chemistry (1880). REYNOLDS, John. See Rainolds, John. REYNOLDS, John Fui-TGN (1820-63). An American soldier, born at Lancaster, Pa. He graduated at West Point in 1841, was assigned as brevet lieutenant to the artillery, and during the Mexican War participated in the defense of Fort Brown and the battles of Jlonterey and Buena Vista. At the outbreak of the Civil War he was commandant at West Point. He was commis- sioned brigadier-general of volunteers in August, 1861, and w'as given a brigade of the Pennsyl- vania Reserve Corps before Washington. The next year he took part in both the Peninsula and Northern Virginia campaigns, and during the succeeding Maryland campaign commanded the Pennsylvania Volunteer Militia for the defense of his native State. In November he was given the command of the First Corps of the Army of the Potomac and was promoted to be major-gen- eral of volunteers. He took part in ^Meade's at-