Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/136

KHYTHM. 116 KIB. employed instead of accent or time, both of which teiiiis are only subdivisions of rhythm. See Ac- cent; Syxcopaiion; Time. BIAD, rd-ad', or RIYAD. The Wahabi capi- tal in the Sultanate of Xedjed, Central Ara- bia (Map: Turkey in Asia, R 11). It is built on an extensive open plain in a well-cultivated re- gion. In the centre of the city is a large square containing the market-place and the great mosque. The city is a resting-place for pilgrims on the way from Persia to Mecca and Medina. Kiad dates from 1824. Population (estimated), 30,- 000. BIALL, rl'al. Sir Phineas (1775-1851). A Britisli soldier. He was born in Ireland, entered the British Army as an ensign in 1794. and soon rose to lie major. In 1804 he was attached to the Fifteenth Font, served for several years with dis- tinotiim in the West Indies, and in 1810 was bre- vetted colonel. Three years later he was promoted major-general, and was sent to Canada to operate against the forces of the United States. In the following winter he destroyed Black Rock, Buf- falo, and other villages on the American border, and during the next summer commanded the troops which opposed the invading army under General .Jacob Broii. On .July 5th he was de- feated in the battle of Street's Creek, or Chip- pewa. On .July 25th at the battle of Lundy's Lane (q.v. ), where he held the im- mediate command of the British forces, he was severely wounded and was taken prisoner. In 1816 he was appointed Governor of Grenada, and administered the affairs of that island for sev- eral years. He was promoted lieutenant-general in 1825, was knighted in 1833, and was made a full general in 1841. Consult Morgan, Sketches of Ceh'hrnted Canadians and Persons Connected icith Canadian History (Quebec, 1862). RIAIiTO, re-al'to (It., from rio, rivo, brook + alto, deep, high). The chief bridge of Venice, a graceful structure spanning the Grand Canal by a single marble arch 74 feet in length, and 32 feet high. The name is derived from Rivoalto, the island on which Venice was founded. Two rows of shops divide the bridge into a broad road and two narrow side passages. The bridge and adjacent district are referred to in Shake- speare's ilcrchant of Venice. KIANT, re'aN', Paul Edduakd Didier, Count ( 1836-88) . A French scholar and historian, born in Paris. He was known as the foremost scholar of his day on the subject of the Crusades, pos- sessed of a keen historical sense, skill in re- search, and marked scholarship in the interpreta- tion of documents. In 1875 he founded the Societe de I'Orient Latin, whose object was the publication of geographical and historical docu- ments appertaining to the Crusades and Pales- tine. He collected an excellent library in the history of the Crusades, and in Scandinavian literature, of which Harvard University obtained the former jjortion, and Yale the latter. Among the numerous volumes written and edited by him arc Expeditions et pelerinages des Scandinaves en Terre Saint e au temps des croisades (1865); Magistri Thadei NeapoUtani Hystoria de Desola- tione et Conculcatione Civitati's Acconensis 1291 (1874); and Le changement de direction de la quatriime croisade (1878). The Catalogue de la hihlintheque de feu M. le comte Riant appeared at Paris in 1896-99 (3 vols.). KIAZAN, rC'i-ziln'y'. A govermnent and a city of Russia. See Ryazan. RIB (AS. rilb, OHG. rippi, 6er. Rippe; con- nected with OChurch Slav, rcbro, rib, and prob- ably with Ger. Itebe, tendril, OHG. hiniireba, brain covering, skull). An elastic arch of bone, which, with its fellows, constitutes with the verte- bral column behind, and the sternum or breast- bone in front, the osseous part of the walls of the chest. In man there are 12 ribs on each side. The first seven are more directly connected through intervening cartilages with the sternum than the remainder, and hence they are termed vertebro- sternal or true ribs; while the other five are known as false ribs, and the last two of these, from being quite free at their anterior extremi- ties, are termed floating ribs. A glance at a skeleton, or at a plate representing the articu- lated bones, will shoAV that the ribs vary very considerably both in their direction and size. The upper ribs are nearly horizontal, but the others lie with the anterior extremity lower than the posterior, this obliquity increasing to the ninth rib, and then slightly decreasing. They in- ThoraciclnJet ■Tubercle JlecuL -Mck '~^Dorsal cartilage ,a Y^ t^pcrpoTt ofstermuTi ^fuldlepartofsUrrmjn [cartilage 7^ or last truertb 'False ribs Sub-costal Angle Fig. 1. THORAX, front view. crease in length from the first to the seventh, and then again diminish. The spaces between the ribs are termed the intercostal spaces. On ex- amining a rib taken from about the middle of the series, we find that it presents two extremities ( a posterior or vertebral, and an anterior or sternal), and an intervening portion, termed the body or shaft. The posterior extremity presents a head, a neck, and a tuberosity. The head is marked by two concave articular surfaces divided by a ridge, the lower facet being the larger. These surfaces fit into the cavity formed by the junction of two contiguous dorsal vertebrae, and the ridge serves for the attachment of a ligament. The neck is a flattened portion proceeding from the head; it is about an inch long, and terminates at an eminence termed the tuberosity or tuber- cle, whence the shaft commences. On the lower surface of this tubercle is a small oval surface, which articulates with a corresponding surface on the upper part of the transverse process of the lower of the two contiguous vertebrae. The shaft presents an external convex and an internal con- cave surface. A little in front of the tubercle the rib is bent inward, and at the same time up-