Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/145

EICH. 12.T RICHARD I. 1818), and Narraticc of a Residence in Koordi- sltin and on the Hite of Ancient Xitieich, with Journal of a Voijuge Doirn the Tiijris to Bagdad, and an Account of a Visit to Shira: and Pcrscpolis (2 vols., 1836), edited with a biographical sketch by his widow. His Oriental collection was ac- quired by the British Museum. RICH, Edmund. An Archbishop of Canter- bury. See Edmund, Saint. RICH, John (1682?-1761). A noted English harlequin and theatrical manager. His father, Christopher Rich, had been a manager of Drury Lane, and after the death of the elder Rich, in 1714, the son opened the new theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields. It was in ITIC that he introduced the performances in which, under the name of Lun, he himself acted the part of Harlequin (q.v.). Before many years these had dcvelojied into the regular English pantomime (q.v.) and had become immensely popular. In 1732 he opened the theatre of Covent Garden, which he continued to manage till his death. In his harle- quinades Rich combined an extraordinary agility and pantomimic gift with great ingenuity in de- vising novelties to attract the public. Consult Doran, Annals of the Stage (ed. Lowe, London, 1S88). RICH, Penelope, Lady (c.l5C2-1607) . The object of the poetic passion of Sir Philip Sidney's sonnets addressed to 'Stella.' She was a daughter of the first Earl of Essex, who, togetlier with his son Robert, Elizabeth's favorite, received kindly Sidney's ofi'er of marriage. But her guardian, the Earl of Huntingdon, married her, probably in 1581, to Robert, Second Baron Rich, appar- .ently against her will. The sonnets Astrophil and Stella, published after this marriage, sneer at the husband's lack of worth and of ability to appreciate her worth — an attitude toward Lord Rich which is also taken by Richard Barnfield. Bartholomew Yonge, and otliers wlio wrote poetry to Lady Penelope. But her marital unhappiness did not stop at this stage. In 1595, at the latest, she had formed a liaison with Lord Moiuitjoy, to whom she bore three sons and two daughters, and with whom, after Rich's abandonment of her, which did not occur until after the execution of her brother Robert ( 1001), she lived openly, even before her divorce in 1005. After her husband's remarriage she m.arried Jlnuntjoy. then Earl of Devonshire, and thus lost her standing at Court, where she had been a great favorite. RICH'ARD I. (11.57-99). Surnamed Cceur DE Lion, or the Lion-Hearted. King of Eng- land from 1189 to 1199. He was the tliird son of Henry II. and his Queen, Eleanor, and was born at Oxford, September 8. 1157. When a mere infant it was decided that he should in- herit Aquitaine, and he was betrothed to Alice, or Alicia, the youngest daughter of Louis VII., King of France. Like his brothers, Richard on several occasions rebelled against his father. King Henry II., and was the most prominent figure in the final reliellion. which hastened the death of that monarch. Since the eldest son of Henry II. had died, in 1183. Richard succeeded to all the possessions of his father. He had taken the cro.ss in 1187, on the news of the capture of Jerusalem by Saladin. Philip Augustus. King of France, had done likewise, and in 1190 both started on the Third Crusade. Richard, in onler to prepare suitably for this Crusade, had burrowed and ex- torted money wherever possible. The adminis- tration of England during his ab.seneu wa« in- trusted to William Longchanip (q.v.), but the prelate was opposed by the King's brother, John Lackland, who gradually usurped the govern- ment of the country. The Crusade proved a failure almost from the start, chiefly on account of the luck of harnitmy between the two kings. After various deluva Richard reached -Messina on September 23, lllio. He tarried in Sicily more than half a year, and betrothed his nephew Arthur to the infant daughter of King Tancred. The Sicilian tlirone was at that time claimed by the Kmperor Henry VI., and the alliance with Tancred, for this reason, afterwards turned out a very un- lucky one for Richard. He fell out with the French King, refused to marry his sister Alice, and on April 10, 1191, sailed from Messina, carrying along with him Berengaria of Navarre, whom he married on May 12, 1191, in the Island of Cyprus, where he halted on his way to Pal- estine. The prodigies of personal valor which he performed in the Holy Land have made the name of Richard the Lion-Hearted famous in romance. After Acre had been captured, on July 12, 1191, Richard executed 2700 prisoners of war because the payment of their ransom was delayed. (.Sec Crusade.) He quarreled bitterly with Philip Augustus, who went home. After spending months in indecisive contests against Saladin, Richard finally made a truce by which .Jerusalem was left in the hands of the .Siiltan. On October 9, 1192, he set out on his return to England. As he was making his way through tlie dominions of Leopold, Duke of Austria, be was seized by that prince, who had been insulted by Richard while in the Holy Land, and was handed over to the Emperor Henry VI., who detained him as a captive. John, meanwhile, ruled in England, and he and Philip of France had good reasons for wishing that Richard should never return to his king- dom. He was finally released, however, after paying a heavy ransom and agreeing to hold hia kingdom as a fief of the P^mpire. On JIarch 13, 1194, he found himself once more in England. His brother, John, who had acted so treacherous- ly toward him, he magnanimously forgave, but with Philip Augustus he made war. while he left the actual government to the able adminis- trator Hubert Walter (q.v.). He was on the whole victorious in his war against France, but was killed by an arrow shot from the Castle of Chaluz, which he was besieging, and died .pril 6. 1199. His character has generally been sliown by modern historians in a very imfavor- able light. Sismondi's words are often quote<l : "A bad son, a bad brother, a had husband, and a bad king." This estimate is somewhat unjust to Richard. He was extremely generous to .lohn ; there is no trustworthy evidence that he was a bad husband; as King he chose able ministers and left most of the ruling to them. But ho did tax England heavily for his expeditions. Ho was .1 poet and well versed in the knightly ac- conqdishments of his age. In the succ-eeding c«>n- tnry he became the hero of many legendary tales, and he has always been viewed in popular litera- ture as a hero of romance. Consult : Stubbs. Constitutional History of England, vol. i. (0th