May, 1861, to April, 1865, Richmond was the capital of the Confederacy, and as such was the objective point of the Federal forces, which fought fifteen pitched battles and at least twenty skirmishes in the effort to capture it. On April 2, 1865, it was evacuated by the Confederates, who, by order of General Ewell, set fire to the warehouses and destroyed the greater part of the business portion of the city. The Federal forces entered the place on the day after its evacuation. Consult: a sketch by Henry, in Powell, Historic Towns of the Southern States (New York, 1900); “Richmond Since the War,” in Scribner's Monthly (ib., 1877); and Wood, The Industries of Richmond (Richmond, 1886).
RICHMOND, Charles Lennox, third Duke of (1735-1806). An English diplomat and statesman. He was born in London, and succeeded to the peerage on the death of his father, the second Duke, in 1750. He was educated at Westminster School, later proceeding to Leyden University, where he graduated in 1753. He entered the army, saw active service in France, and was mentioned for his bravery at the battle of Minden in 1759, where he served as colonel of his regiment. He received a Court appointment, but, disagreeing with George III., resigned and joined the opposition Ministry. In 1765 he was sent to Paris as Ambassador Extraordinary, became a Privy Councilor, and the following year was appointed Secretary of State for the South. He was a strong supporter of the American colonies in their demands for redress of grievances; in 1770 he introduced conciliatory resolutions which were carried by a majority, and in 1775 during a debate on American affairs defended the attitude of the colonists, declaring that their resistance was “neither treason nor rebellion, but perfectly justifiable in every possible political and moral sense.” In 1778 he moved the resolution for the withdrawal of the troops from America. In 1782 he received the appointment of master-general of ordnance with a Cabinet seat, and was created a knight of the Garter. He was reinstated in royal favor, and his later career was marked by subserviency to Court interests.
RICHMOND, Dean (1804-66). An American capitalist, born in Bernard, Vt. He opened a produce business in Buffalo in 1842, became wealthy, and held office in several corporations. He took an active interest in railways and was influential in securing the consolidation of the several corporations that later constituted the New York Central Railroad. Of this railroad he became vice-president in 1853 and from 1864 until his death was president. In politics he was an active Democrat, and though he refused to accept any public office, he was for several years the chairman of the Democratic State Committee and the leader of his party in New York State.
RICHMOND, George (1809-96). An English portrait painter, born in Brompton. He was a pupil of the Royal Academy, and became a member of the Royal Academy in 1867. He painted portraits of many of his celebrated contemporaries, such as Dr. Keble, the Earl of Elgin, Sir Moses Montefiore, and Lord Salisbury. His early work was influenced by William Blake, whom he greatly admired. Many of his portraits are in water color and crayon, but he also painted in oil, and did some work in sculpture.
RICHMOND, Legh (1772-1827). An English writer and evangelical divine, born in Liverpool. He graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge (1794); was ordained to the curacy of Brading and Yaverland in the Isle of Wight (1799); became chaplain to the Lock Hospital, London (1805), and the same year rector of Turvey in Bedfordshire. He was an earnest evangelical preacher. Between 1809 and 1814 he contributed to the Christian Guardian three famous village tales—“The Dairyman's Daughter,” “The Young Cottager,” and “The Negro Servant.” All three were reprinted in 1814 as The Annals of the Poor. Before 1849 4,000,000 copies of the Dairyman's Daughter had been issued in nineteen languages. Richmond published also Fathers of the English Church, and after his death appeared Domestic Portraiture. Consult the Life by Grimshaw (London, 1828; ed. by G. T. Bedell, Philadelphia, 1846).
RICHMOND, Sir William Blake (1843—). An English historical and portrait painter, born in London. He was the pupil of Sir Frederick Leighton, and his works belong to the order of classic genre made popular by Leighton and Alma-Tadema. They include “Amor Vincit Omnia,” and “An Audience in Athens During the Representation of the Agamemnon” (1885, in the Birmingham Gallery). He also painted several portraits of celebrities. He was Slade professor at Oxford from 1878 until 1883, became an associate of the Royal Academy in 1888, and was knighted in 1897. He designed and superintended the mosaic decoration of the interior of Saint Paul's Cathedral, London.
RICHTER, rĭK′tẽr, Aemilius Ludwig (1808-64). A German jurist, born at Stolpen, Saxony, and educated at Leipzig. His Corpus Juris Canonici (1833-39) led to his being appointed professor of law in Leipzig, and he held subsequently similar positions at the universities of Marburg and Berlin. He also served as councilor-in-chief of the consistory and Privy Councilor of the Government. Richter is considered the founder of a new school of Church law—the so-called ‘Berliner Kanonisten-Schule.’ His publications include: Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Quellen des canonischen Rechts (1834); Canones et Decreta Concilio Tridentini (1853); and Lehrhnch des katholischen und evangelischen Kirchenrechts (1842-86), which is considered a most important contribution to Church law literature.
RICHTER, Eugen (1838—). A German politician, born in Düsseldorf, and educated at Bonn, Heidelberg, and Berlin. In 1864 his election as burgomaster of Neuwied was not confirmed because of his liberal views. He resigned from his governmental post and settled in Berlin as a journalist. He was elected to the North German Diet in 1867, to the Prussian House of Deputies in 1869, and in 1871 to the Reichstag, where he was a leader of the Progressists and later of the Radicals. Intensely individualistic, he attracted attention by his opposition to State control of railroads, increase of war budgets, an Imperial colonial policy, and protectionism. Richter's opposition to Bismarck was particularly bitter. His political attitude sometimes placed him in opposition to his own party, and the Freisinnige Zeitung, founded by him in 1885, was on many subjects, especially on social reform, in direct contradiction to the other
