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EIPPERDA. 1C>3 RISTIC. adventurer. He was born in (ironingen, Holland, and at an early age entered the Diileli army. In 171.3 he became Ambassador to -Madrid :" there he followed his friend AUieroni and turned Cath- olic. He was thereupon intrusted by the Span- ish Government with the direction of commerce and industry, and became a favorite of King Philip V. and his consort, Elizabeth Farnese. In November, 1724, Ripperda went to Vienna and there concluded in 1725 a treaty of alliance be- tween Spain and the Emperor Charles VI. Upon his return to Madrid in Dcoeml>er. 1725, i;i|)- perda was created duke and made Prime Minister. But neither Spain nor Austria was able to fulfill the terms of the treaty, and in consequence Kip- perda was dismissed from olliee on May 14. 1720. He feared for his life and lied to the palace of Stanhope, the English Ambassador, and dis- closed diplomatic secrets. The Spanish authori- ties thereupon seized him and confined him in the citadel of Segovia. He escaped after two years, went to Holland, and became a Protestant again. After a life of adventure in several coun- tries, he appeared in the service of the Sultan of Morocco, and became a devout Jlohammedan. He led an army against Spain, but was defeated at Ceuta in 1733, and was exiled to Tetuan, where he died. Consult: Moore, Lives of Cardinal Albcroni and the /)»At of Ripperda (London, 1814) ; Sweton. Une coiir ct nn avcnturicr au XVIIIemc sircie: haron de Ripperda (Paris, 1806) ; Philippson, The Age of the European- Balance of Pmcer (Eng. trans., Philadelphia, 1902). EIPPLE MARKS. Undulatory marks seen on the sand of the seashore or on the surface of sand dunes and often on the surface of snow drifts. Similar undulations also occur on soft bottoms at a depth of many feet beneath the surface of lake or sea water. In the former cases the ripple marks are produced essentially by the action of the wind, which is thrown into an un- dulatory motion by the slightest obstacle; when such motions are set up, the snow or sand that is carried by the wind is deposited in such a way that the ripples reproduce the movements of the air. At the bed of an ocean or lake the move- ment of the water may produce ripples by a pre- cisely analogous process. Tidal sand ripples, cloud ripples, and wind ripples are shown by photographs in yature for April 25, 1901. RIP'PON, John (1751-1836). An English Ba))tist minister. He was born at Tiverton, be- came a Baptist minister in London, 1773, and so continued till his death there. He edited The Baptist Anniml Register (1790-1802), which has numerous biographical sketclies of denomination- al interest, and he left behind him many works which were purchased by the British Museum in 1870. His most noteworthv service was as editor of a hymn book (London,' 1787 ; 31st ed. 1844), which was long in use and which has been pro- nounced one of the most important and influen- tial ever made. RIP VAN WINKLE. A character in one of the tales in Wasliington Irving's Hkctch Book (1819), a good-natured, intemperate Dutchman, who sleeps for twenty years in the Catskill Mriintains, and returning to his home finds everything changed. The first dramatized form of the story was produced in 1828, followed by many others, until in 1866 Boucicault, with sug- gestions from Josepli JelFerson, produced the version which .Jeirerson nuide fainuu.s, lirsl per- formed in London in 1S65. RISE OF THE BUTCH REPUBLIC. Iiik. A history of Holhind l>y .lohii Lolhrop Motley (1856), from the alxlicaiion of Charles V., 1555, to the assassination of William of Orange in 15S4, The story is told with drannitic intensity, being almost an epic with Willinm of Orange, for whom Motley was an unijualitied partisan, as hero, RISH^ANGER, William (c.l250e.l312)'. An ICnglish chronicler, born probably in the vil- lage of Hichangles in Sudolk. He joined the Benedictine monks of Saint Albans Ahliey about 1271. His chronicle Xarralio de lieiu's apud Lewes et Lveshani, continues the history of Mat- thew Paris, and gives a valuable account of the Barons' Wars from 1258 until 1267, with high praise for Simon de Mmitfort. It was edited by .J. O. Ihilliwill-I'liillijjps for the Camden Society in 1840. Other works credited to liim include Willelmi Rislianger Monaehi S. Albnni Chronica (1272-1806)— the last part of which he could not have written. It was edited by Kilev for the Rolls Series, in 1865. RISHI, ri'shf; Skt. pron. r"shf (Skt. rH, seer; connected with Av. jra.vi, uprightness), the title given to the poets of the Vedic hymns, who were supposed to have received their divine in- spiration through the sense of sight. The Sanskrit texts generally give seven as the num- ber of these sages, although the Puranas (q,v,) mention nine, and Maiiu (q.v.) enumerates ten. At a later period the term was applied to certain classes of ascetics. In the Hindu sy.stem of astronomy, the seven rishis form the constellation of Lh'sa ilajor. RISING SUN, Order of the. A Japanese civil and military order with eight classes, found- ed by the Mikado Mutsu Hito in 1875. The dee- oration consists of the national emblem, a rising sun composed of 32 white rays, with a central red medallion, and is suspended Ity green leaves and three blossoms of the Paulovnia from a white ribbon edged with red. RISK (OF.. Fr, risque, Sp. riesgo. risk; prob- ably connected with Sj). risco, steep rock, Lat. rcsccarc. to cut ofi', from rr-, back again, anew -j- seeare, to cut). In insurance law, this word is used to describe (1) the obligation of an insurer; (2) the chance or hazard that the peril insured against may occur and the insurer be held liable; (3) the probable or anticipated cause from which the loss may occur and against which the insured person is indemnified; and (4) the jiroperty or person which is the subject of the insurance. See Insurance. The term is also employed in connection with the law of sales, both of real and jiersonal jirop- erty, to describe the chance that the goods may be destroyed before delivery. Sec Sale. RISTIC, ris'tieh, .Totin (1831-99). A Servian statesman, born in Kraguyevats. He studied at Berlin. Heidelberg, ami I'aris, and began his of- ficial career in the Ministry of the Interior, under Prince Alexander Karageorgevitoh. In 1858 he was made secretary to the embassy sent to Constantinople by Milosh Obrenovitch ami he- came Servian representative at the Porte (1861- 07). In the latter year he was appointed Servian