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RITUALISM. 169 RIVER. course. Tlie controversy rn^'od most hotly be- tween 186.5 and 1880, and numerous attempts were made to obtain definite lej;islation on the subject. In the absence of any detailed pre- scription in ritual matters, the advanced school contended that the law of the Church of England held good in her daughter Church. In 1874 a canon was passed by the (ieneral Convention which made it the duty of the bi.shops to proceed against any minister accused of introducing un- authorized ceremonies or practices setting forth erroneous or doubtful doctrines, especially the elevation or adoration of the elements in Holy Communion, and all other like acts not autlxir- ized by the rubrics of the Prayer Book. But the canon was practically a dead letter from the first, and, as in England, ritual observances which fifty years earlier would have raised a tempest of opposition are now common among the most moderate churchmen. The movement in favor of a more ceremonial conduct of divine worship has spread far beyond the limits of the Anglican Communion, and among Presbyterians (especial- ly in Scotland), Methodists, and other Protestant bodies, there have been numerous instances of the introduction of ceremonies hitlierto unheard of, all tending in the same direction. Consult : Mac- Coll, The Reformation Seiilcniciit (London, 1899) : several essavs in Shiplev, ed., T}w Church and the ^Yorld (ib!. 1860) : Walker, The Ritual Reason Whii (ib., 1867) : Gladstone, The Chureh of England and Ritualism (ib., IS76) : Parry, Report of the Roi/al Commission on Ritual ( ib., 1867); Balfour, --How the Ritualists Harm the Church," in "Sorth American Rerieie (New York, 1899); Barry, "What is Ritualism?" and Cor- rance, '"The Development of Ritualism," in Con- temporary Rcvieu^ (London, 1898) ; Gallwey, Twelve Lectures on Ritualism (ib., 1879) ; Ros- coe, ed., The Bishop of Lincoln's Case (ib., 1891 ) . RIVALS, The. A comedy by Richard Brins- ley Sheridan, produced January 17, 1775. On its first representations it was almost a failure, but it has since held the stage more successfully than most eighteenth-century plays. It has more action, though less brilliancy, than The School for Scandal. The rivals are Bob Acres and Beverly (Captain Absolute), who contend for Lydia Languish. Acres challenges Captain Ab- solute by Sir Lucius O'Trigger, but finding he is a friend, declines to fight. Mrs. Malaprop, with her delightful blunders, supplies a large part of the humor of the play. RIVAS, rfvas. The capital of the Depart- ment of Rivas, -Nicaragua, 50 miles southeast of Managua (Map: Central America, E 5). It is the centre of a rich cacao-producing region, and manufactures and exports chocolate. It occupies the site of the ancient Indian town of Nicarao. Population, in 1895, 12,000. RIVAS, AxGEL Perez de Saa'edra, Duke of (1791-1865). A Spanish soldier, statesman, and poet, born in Cordova. He entered the army in 1807, and fought through the Spanish war of independence, retiring from the service in 1815. He participated in the revolution of 1820. was Secretary of the Cortes in 1821. and was forced to leave the country in 182.3, residing in Eng- land, Malta, and France. He returned to Spain in 18.34. came into possession of the ducal title of Rivas. and became Jlinister of the Interior in 1836. He was again forced into exile from 1837 to 1843. Then he was for live .years Spanish Ambassador at Naples. He was afterwards Ambassador at Paris (1856), and at Klorencc (1860). His fame as a national poet began in 1813 with the publication of Lnsayos i>oetico3. Other works of his arc the epics FtorimUi { 1825) and El moro expdsilo (1834), the plays Tniito rales cuunto tienes (1834), Don Ahnro (1835), and La morisca de Alajuar (1842), and the Ilia- toiia de la subleraeion de Xupolcs (1848). His Ohras completas have been edited by his son. RIVE, rev. De La. See De La Rive. RIVE-DE-GIER, rfvdc-zh^'iV'. A town in the Department of Loire. France, on the Oicr, 19 miles southwest of Lyons (Map: France, l'o). It is in one of the best coal fields in France, anil has over fifty <(ial mines, also iron works, glass works, and silk factories. Exports are facilitated by canal conununication with (iivors, on the Rhone. Population, in 1901, 10,087, RIVE- (r^'va') KING, .Julie (1S.59-), An American piani.st born of French parents in Cin- cinnati. She studied imder William Mason and S. B. Jlills in New York, Carl Reinecke in l>eip- zig, and Liszt in Weimar. Her debut occurred in Leipzig in 1873. The following year she re- turned to Cincinnati and in 1S75 appeared at a Philharmonic concert in New York. She subse- quently gave many concerts with the Thomas and Seidl orchestras and became well known as a brilliant concert pianist. Her compositions are for the piano, and enjoy considerable popu- larity. RIVER (OF. riviere, Fr. riviere, from ML. riparia, shore, river, fem. sg. of Lat. ripariiis, relating to a shore, from ripa, shore I. A natural drainage line on the land, which, in addition to carrying ofT the surface water, always bears a load of mineral matter in suspension and solu- tion. The water supply is derived from (he rain or melting snow and from underground, whence it reaches the surface by seepage or in the form of springs. It is this latter source of supply which causes so many rivers to maintain their How even when no rain has recently fallen. The load of mineral matter is obtained partly by solu- tion in the passage of the water through the soil or rock, partly by the mechanical wearing or cor- rosion of the stream bed, and partly In- the sup- plies furnished by the rain-wash and weatlu'ring of the valley sides. In the course of this run- oS the water forms a valley which varies in size and characteristics. L'sually this valley is on the surface of the land, though occasionally be- neath the surface, as in Jlanunoth Cave of Ken- tucky. Most rivers flow from higher country into lakes, or into the sea ; but in arid countries many streams terminate on the land because the river water sinks into the ground and evaporates. The Western I'nitcd States offers many illustrations of these conditions. In such arid regions the large rivers that are fed by a permanent supply from the mountains are often able to maintain their course across even desert regions. The Nile of Egv'pt and the Colorado of I'tah and Arizona are illustrations of such rivers. From the headwaters to the mouth a river has a slope which varies from one part to another. Ordinarily the steepest slope is near the head and the most gentle near the mouth, where the stream commonly flows quietly through a flood