Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/202

BOANOKE. 182 BOBBIA. Carolina, and empties into Albemarle Sound. Its length, including the Staunton, is 450 miles, and it is navigable for steamers 150 miles to W'eldon. BOANOKE. A city in Roanoke County, Va., 56 miles west of Lynchburg; on the Roanoke River, and on the Norfolk and Western Railroad (Map: Virginia. D 4). It is picturesquely situ- ated in the vicinity of the Blue Ridge Mountains, and has the Virginia College (female), Rebekah Sanitarium, and law and public libraries. Hol- lins Institute, a large women's college under Bap- tist control, is six miles distant to the north. Roanoke is mainly interested in railroading, hav- ing extensive construction and repair shops of the Norfolk and Western Railroad. Industrial- ly, the city ranks sixth in the State, the value of its products in the census _year of 1900 having been $5,710,000. 'Die most important manufac- tures arc cars, locomotives, flouring and grist mill products, bridges, hydraulic engines, agri- cultural implements, lumber, brick, cigars and tobacco. The government is vested in a mayor, chosen biennially, and a luiicameral council. In 1880 Roanoke, then called the town of Big Lick, had a population of only 639. In 1884 it was chartered as a citv under its present name. Population, in 1890," 16,159 ; in 1900, 21,495. BOANOKE COLLEGE. A coeducational col- lege at Salem, Va., incorporated in 1853 as suc- cessor to the Virginia Institute. It remained open during the war. though without endow- ment, and has since had a rapid development. In addition to the collegiate department, with partially elective courses, leading to the degree of B.A., partial, preparatory, and commercial courses are ofi'ered. The attendance in 1903 was 164. with a faculty of 11 instructors. The li- brary contained 22.000 volumes. The endowment was "$60,000, the income $14,000, and the value of the grounds and four buildings was $100,000. BOANOKE ISLAND. An island off the coast of North Carolina, forming part of Dare County and separated from the mainland by Croatan Sound. It is noted as the site selected by .Sir Walter Ralegh (q.v.) in his attempt at colonization in 1585-87. On February 8, 1862, a Union force under General Burnside captured the Confederate garrison. BOABING (lari/ngismiis parah/ticus) . A disease of the horse, usually caused by the pres- sure of an inflamed or hypertrophied bronchial gland which interferes with the proper functions of the left recurrent larnygcal nerve. In the case of genuine "roaring' medical treatment is of no avail, but in the earlier stages of the disease a course of iodide of potassium is strongly advo- cated where the cause of the trouble is to be at- tributed to disease of the lymphatic glands. BOABING BUCKIE. The name among British people, especially in Scotland, for the local species of Fusus, a large spiral (conch) shell which, when held to the ear. furnishes a muflled roaring sound which children are told is the sound of the sea in which the creature lived. Really it is the audible reverberation of the otherwise inaudible sound of the rushing of the blood in the internal ear. BOASTING (in metallurgy). See Copper. BOB'ALO ( Sp., rdbalo, Catalan lloharro, name for the European bass, probably from Lat. lahrus, labros, from Gk. Xd^paf, lalrax, sea-wolf, from XdjSpot, labros, furious, fierce, greedy). Any of several fishes of the tropical .shores of America resembling sea-bass, but set apart in the family CentropomidiC. All are robust, dark-col- ored fishes, from two to four feet in lengtli, and several kinds are of great importance in the local markets. The most valuable in the West Indies and along the Spanish Main is the species Cen- Iropoinus undeciinaUs, called also 'snook' and 'brochet-de-mer.' BOBBEB-FLY. Any one of the dipterous in- sects of the family Asilidae. These are strong, hairy, active, predatory flies, which are very nu- merous and always conspicuous, flying with a darting motion and preying upon many different kinds of insects. They are rather slender, but extremely strong, and are furnished with a large tapering hard beak inclosing a sharp lancet which is thrust out and cuts a severe wound in the body of the insect captured. The tip of the beak is bearded with stiff bristles which hold it .securely in the wound into which it is crowded. They destroy very many injurious insects, but are noted enemies of the honey-bee. BOBBEB SYNOD. See Ephesus, Councils OF. BOBBEBY (OF. robbcrie, roberie, from rob- ber, rober, to rob. from ML. raubare, from OHG. roitlHin, Ger. rtiuben, Goth, bi-rauhon, AS. reafian, Eng. reave; connected with Lat. rumperc, to break, Skt. Itip, to break, plunder). In sub- stance robbery is an aggravated form of larceny, although at common law it is treated as an inde- pendent offense. It consists in the larcenous taking of personal property which is on the per- son of another, or under the immediate protec- tion of his person, accomplished by means of violence or intimidation. The offense is thus both a crime against property and against the person. The mere force required in the as])ortii- tion of the property taken is not sufficient to make the crime robbery. Thus pocket-picking by stealth, or even snatching money from the open hand when there is no resistance, is simple larceny. Threats which do not amount to threats of ])ersonal violence are not sufficient to consti- tute the taking robbery, as when one induces another to give up property by threats of criminal prosecution or to injure his reputation by slanderous statements. It has been held other- wise, however, when the threat was to proseciite for an unnatural oft'ense. The violence need not be ofi'ered to the person giving up his property, but if ofi'ered to a person related to him by blood or marriage, and money or property be extorted for the purpose of protecting such relative from immediate per.sonaI violence, the offense is rob- bery. If the taking is accomplished without threat or violence, the use of violence as a means of retaining possession of the stolen property will not make the crime robbery. At common law robbery was a felony punishable by death. It is still deemed a felony, and is now punishable in England and the United States by penal servi- tude. See L.iRCENY. Consult the authorities referred to imder Criminal Law. BOB'BIA, Della. A celebrated family of Florentine sculptors and ceramists of the Renais- sance, that flourished for nearly one hundred and fifty years. Its earliest and most widely known member was Luca della Robbia (1399-1482), sculptor and originator of the famous terra-cotta