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EOMAINE. 233 ROMAN AKT. rector, Dr. Trebcck, who was jealous of his popu- hirity and averse to the 'phiinness' of liis preaeh- iiig. His 'evangelicalisni' grew with his years, aud at length, in 1757, in a sermon on The Lurd Our Righteousness, it became so ofliensive to the dons of Oxford that the university pulpit was in future closed against him. In 1750 he became curate and morning preacher at Saint Olave's, Southwark, in 175'J at Saint Hartliolomew the Great, near West Smithfield. In ITtlli he was chosen by the parishioners rector of Saint An- drew of the Wardrobe, and Saint Anne, Black- friars, both in London, an office which he held till liis death. His works were republished in a collected form, in 8 vols., in 17'J0, by Cadogan, with a life of their author. ROMAN, rO'miin, or ROMANU. A town of liunuuiia. capital of the district of the same name, 35 miles west by south of .Jassy, near the confluence of the Moldava and Sereth rivers (Map: Balkan Peninsula, F 1). The bishopric of Roman dates from the early fifth century. Population, in 1890, 14,019. ROMAN, ro-miin', Fr. pron. ro'miiN', AsDEfi BiENVENu (1795-1800). An American political leader. He was born in Opelousas Parish, La., and was the son of a French Creole sugar planter. He graduated at Saint Mary's College, Baltimore, in 1815, and soon afterwards settled on a sugar plantation in Saint James Parish. La. From 1831 to 1835 he was Ciovernor of the State, and while holding that office he brought about the formation of a State agricultural society, the building of a penitentiary at Baton Rouge, the granting of $20,000 to Jefferson College, and other important public measures. He was again Governor from 1839 to 1843. and did much to prevent the repudiation of the State debt. In 1845, and ag.iin in 1852, he helped to draw up new State constitutions. In politics he was a Whig, and he was strongly opposed to secession, but as a delegate to the Convention of 1861 he acquiesced in the withdrawal of the State from the Union. Later in the same year he was one of the three commissioners sent to Washington by the Confederate provisional Government to negotiate peaceful separation. He was too infirm to take an active part in the conflict that fol- lowed, but was a strong supporter of the Con- federacy, ROMAN ART. Although the Romans affect- ed to despise the practice of the arts and dis- played little artistic taste in their earlier his- tory, the.v developed, nevertheless, a distinctly, national art under the late Republic and the Empire, largely by the hand of artists of Cireek race, and produced in architectvire types which liave been in use for nearl,v tweut.v centu- ries. The history of Etruscan art dates from the period previous to the campaigns against the Greek cities, the conquest of which opened up the sphere of Greek art and ushered in the Hellenic period, which continued until the time of Augustus. It was during and after the reign of Augustus that the colossal imdertakings of the Imperial period reached the unity of a national st.vle throu,ehout the Empire. The century and a half that followed was the golden age. The decay set in before the time of Scp- timius Severus and was complete in the time of Constantine except in point of practical con- structive ability. ARCIIITECTIKE. Pbe-Roman. Central and Southern Italy abound in ruins of ehiborately fortilied citicB antedating u.c. 500, often more imposing and complete than the ruins of Myccna- or Tirj-ns, e.g. Xorba, Alalri, and Segni. The earliest temples (seventh century) remotely reseniliied the Greek in having a cella and portico, mid in the use of a primitive and clunisv (pnisi- Doric order, the Tuscan; but they were built chielly of wood, with tcrra-cotta ornaments, frag- ments of which have been found on many sites, as at Satricum, Alatri, ajid Falerii. In fnscuny and parts of Umbria peopled by the Etruscan race architecture and decoration were further advanced, though the temples were mainly of the type just descriljcd, with terracotta .sculptures, even in Rome almost to the time of the Empire (Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus). Underground domes and vaults abound. Especially noticeable are the tombs at Tarquinii, Cier'c. Clusium (Chiusi), Perugia, and other sites, of chtbornte design and sumptuous interior decoration, often representing the numners and customs of daily life. It is to -the Etruscans that Roman architec- ture owes its arches and vaults. Roman ARcinrECTiHK. When, under the Re- public, pure Greek inllucnce became firmly estab- lished in Rome tlirough the conquest of ,South- ern Italy, Greece, and Asia, the Romans em- ployed CJreeks and their pupils to put up their first stone and marble temples of Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders in place of the earlier Etruscan temples of wood and terra- cotta. But wood continued in n.se for theatres, circuses, and amphitheatres almost until the Empire. The aqueducts that dotted the Roman Campagna were the most impressive of the works of Republican Rome, The old Tabularium on the Capitol, the onl,v remaining civil building of the Republic, shows how the Romans had already learned to combine their native style of arcades with the Greek orders. In three stories of arched openings, each arch is flanked by engaged half-columns supporting an entablature at each story-level. This combination became classic and was followed througliout the Empire. The thea- tre of Marcellus, the Colosseum, the Basilica, and many other buildings were erected after this plan, using the CJreek orders as a decorative ad- junct to the Roman arched and vaulted construc- tions. The use of concrete (q.v.), which became general in the reign of Augustus, enabled archi- tects to raise domes and vaults far larger than would have been possible with stone, and to pro- duce a kind of architectural grandeur never dreamed of in earlier ages. Internal spaciousness and loftiness constituted a new artistic resource, which the world owes to the Romans. The temples were no longer the paramount monuments. They were built on various plans. the most common having a high basement or podium and short cella with deep porch; the.v were often barrel-vaulted and without a peri- style, the flanks and rear being adorned with engaged columns (^Vfaison Carn'e at Ntmes ; temples of Fortnna Virilis and of Faustina at Rome). Some were roimd (temple of Vesta, with encircling colonnade; Pantheon with rectangular porch). Later temples were of colossal size, like the double temple of Venus at Rome. an<I the temples at Baalbek and Palmyra. Upou