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KOMAN ART. 236 KOMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. spicuoiis in this period of iTr'stliotic decay, such as tiie oharming "(-uiod Slu'pherds" of the Lateiaii Museum. The same poverty of invention and decline of tcchni<|ue is evident in the paintings of the epoch, from whioli the Christian paintings of the Catacombs do not essentially difler. And with the barbarian conquest of Italy, all classi- cal art comes to a sudden end. (See Christian Art; Byzantine Art.) The Romans attained a considerable degree of excellence in certain of the minor arts, especially in objects of luxury. See Jewelry; Gems; Ring; Manuscripts, Illumi- nation OF. Bibliography. For a theory of Roman art in its narrower sense, see Wickhoff, /loni oh. Icf (Lon- don and New York, 1900) . Consult also: Gentile, Storia dell' Arte Romana (2d ed., Milan, 18i)2) ; Goodyear, Roman and Mcdkeval ArMCliautauqua series, 18!)"); von Sybel. Wellgcscliichte der Kunst (Marburg, 1888) ; Von Falke, Greece and Rome, Their Life and J-)'M trans, by Browne, New York, 1882) : Reber. Histori/ of Ancient Art (trans, by Clark, New York, 1882) ; Burn, R(jiii(in Literature in Relation to Roman J.rt (London, 1888). The best authorities for a technical and sys- tematic study of architecture are: Choisy, L'arf de batir chez les Romains (Paris, 1873): and Durm, Die Baukunst der Etrusker und Romer (Darmstadt, 1885). Superb restorations of the principal buildings of Rome have been published by the architects of the Academic dc France at Rome; that by Canina, Rieerclte suW archiiet- tiira dci tempi eristiani (Rome, 1846), must be used with caution. Friedliinder, in Darstelliiiiff aus der fiittenf/cscliickte Roms (Leipzig, 1888- 90), and Guhl and Koner, Das Leben der Crrie- chen und Romer (Berlin, 1882), give good de- scriptions of the main classes of buildings in Roman architecture. Lanciani's works. Ruins and Excaralions of Ancient Rome (New Y'ork, 1897), Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries (ib., 1889, et seq.), are the most available in English for a history and descrip- tion of ancient Rome, for which Miildleton, The Remains of Ancient Rome (Rome, 1885), is also useful. For pre-Roman art, consult: Dennis, Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria (London, 1878-83) ; Fonteanine, Avanzi ciclopici nella provincia di Roma (Rome, 1887) ; Martha, L'art 6trusque (Paris, 18SP). ROMAN CANDLE. See Fsroteciint. ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. That por- tion uf Christendom which is in communion with the Pope. Considering such adherence to a defi- nite and visible centre of unity absolutely essen- tial, it regards itself as the only legitimate Church of Christ in the world, the only inheritor by iinbroken tradition of the commission and powers given by Him to His Apostles. By those outside its pale, widely differing views are taken of it, ranging from the 'Branch Theory' of High Church Anglicans (who hold that it constitutes with their own and the Eastern communions, though outwardly divided, one fundamentally in- tegral Catholic Church), to the views of some extreme Protestants, who believe it to be an ut- terly corrupt organization which has. by its de- partures from primitive teaching and practice, almost forfeited the right to the Christian name. To the historical student, whatever his views. the study of its doctrines and acts, so intimately comiected with the story of Western civilization, must always be of great interest. Numerous arti- cles throughout the Encj'clopa'dia give abundant details as to the doctrine and discipline of this Church, in its relation to the historic develop- ment of Christianity. Its organization will be found treated, for example, under BrsilOP; Arcu- uiSHOP; Cardinal: Orders, Holy. Its sacra- mental teaching is given under Sacrament; Mass ; Transubst.^ntiation ; and in the articles on each of the sacraments. Special doctrines, such as Infallibility, Immaculate Conception, Purgatory, come under their own titles; and the biographies of numerous popes and saints will throw much light on the progi-essive development of the Church's history throughout the centuries. The article Papacy has already traced, in as much detail as space would allow, the history of the Apostolic See of Rome down to the Council of Trent. The subsequent historical survey may best be divided into two periods. The first of these really begins before Trent, with the as- sembly by the Emperor Sigisuuind of the Council of Basel, which initiated a fresh attack on the Pope's authority, and may thus be taken to ex- tend from I43I to 1789, while the second reaches from the French Revolution to the present day. The first period thus embraces the break-up of the European family of nations, like-minded in re- ligious belief, by the outburst of the Protestant revolt to counteract which the Council of Trent was assembled. It includes the extension of the faith to India, to Japan, and to the New World recently discovered, and ends with the great over- throw of the European comity of nations at the outbreak of the French Revolution. After the healing of the Great Schism (.see Schism, West- ern) the Church had to enter upon a contest if possible yet more momentous. She had passed out of the period of ancient and mediieval into the light of modern history, with modern appliances of printing, modern literature and art, improved connections, and fresh fields wherein to exercise her activity. Many things contributed to make the beginning of the sixteenth century a favor- able time for a general assault upon her doctrine and discipline. On the one hand, the ranks of the clergy had hardly yet recovered from the distressing efTects of the Black Death. Men's minds were still shaken by the seventy years' exile of the Papacy to Avignon and the succeed- ing schism. They were accustomed to the inter- ference of princes with the bishops, and the curtailment of their liberty of intercourse with Rome. Lastly, all the countries of Europe w'ere largely infected with teaching subversive of ec- clesiastical authority, and were witnesses to the relaxation of discipline, neglect of the sacraments, deadness of religious life, and the luxury caused ijy the adoption (under the influence of the Renaissance) of heathen models among so many of the leading clerg;s' and teachers. The details of the great revolt will be foiuid under Reform.^- tion : while in the article Counter-Reformation some account will be found of the results which followed the vigorous putting into eflfect of the decrees of the Council of Trent. ( See Trent, Council of.) Shortly before the time when the religious troubles in Germany causetl the loss of so many members of the Catholic Church in Eu- rope, the discoveries of the Portuguese in India and of the Spaniards in America had opened up